ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ Jump to content ⵓⵎⵓⵖ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵖ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ move to sidebar ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵀⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵔⵣⵓ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⴼⴽ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴽⵛⵎ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⴼⴽ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵉⵏ move to sidebar ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ 1 ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ 2 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ Toggle the table of contents ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ 327 ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Беларуская Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Karai-karai Jju Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Moore मराठी Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Napulitano Nedersaksies Plattdüütsch नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά Nawat پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 中文 IsiZulu ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ Alatin ⵖⵔ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵥⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ move to sidebar ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵥⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵇⵇⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⴰⵙⵖⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴱⴷⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰ ⵟⵟⴼ URL ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ/ⴰⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵎ ⵙ PDF ⵜⴰⵍⵇⵇⵎⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ Abstract Wikipedia ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⴰⵎⵏⵥ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ Wikidata ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ move to sidebar ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ. ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ République française (ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ) France (ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ) ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ: Liberté, égalité, fraternité ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ: ⵍⴰⵎⴰⵔⵙⵉⵢⵉⵣ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ   47°N 2°E / 47°N 2°E / 47; 2ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ   (55) ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ Organisation internationale de la Francophonie Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Council of Europe G8 European Space Agency WTO European Air Transport Command G20 ⵏⴰⵜⵓ United Nations Security Council European Southern Observatory Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe CERN states with nuclear weapons Open Government Partnership International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Development Association International Finance Corporation Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes African Development Bank Asian Development Bank Australia Group European Coal and Steel Community European Payments Union Eurocontrol League of Nations Treaty on Open Skies Missile Technology Control Regime Southeast Asia Treaty Organization ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ Nuclear Suppliers Group Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Movement Coordination Centre Europe Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation International Hydrographic Organization International Energy Agency ⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ Group on Earth Observations Universal Postal Union International Telecommunication Union European Economic Community Schengen Area Visa Waiver Program International Civil Defence Organisation World Meteorological Organization WHO Antarctic Treaty System World Customs Organization International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance G7 CERN Council Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹEmmanuel Macron ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹsemi-presidential system, unitary state, decentralization ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽPresident of the French Republic ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜSebastien Lecornu ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜGouvernement de la République française ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜCourt of Cassation, Conseil d'État, Cour des Comptes, Constitutional Council of France, Cour de Justice de la République ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜFrench Parliament, National Assembly, Senate, Congress of the French Parliament ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼFrench Parliament, National Assembly, Senate, Congress of the French Parliament ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ481 ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ 643 801 ⴽⵎ² ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ, ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ, Insular Oceania, ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵔⴽⵜⵉⴽⴰ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ   (21) ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⵏⴹⵓⵕⴰ ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⴰ Luxembourg ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ Monaco ⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍ Suriname Kingdom of the Netherlands ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ Kingdom of the Netherlands Republic of Saint-Malo ⴼⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ Kingdom of Westphalia West Germany Navarre ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵛⵢⵓⵙ (ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ) Solomon Islands realm of the United Kingdom ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰMont Blanc, Barre des Écrins ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡÉtang de Lavalduc ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⴰⵊⵢⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉ3017382 ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵖⵔⴼⵜⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ▲ 68 605 616 (2025) ⵙ ⵓⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ: 33 279 000 (2025) ⵜⵉⵡⵜⵎⵉⵏ: 35 326 000 (2025) ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ55 402 736 (2022) ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ12 568 575 (2022) ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵥⵉ106,56 ⵣⴷⵖ/ⴽⵎ² ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ82 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ (2022) ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ18 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉⵎⴰⵏ9,7 (2019) ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ 2022ⴰⵖⵔⵓⴷ▲ 2,78 ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ $ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎⵢⵓⵕⵓ, CFP Franc, French franc, livre tournois ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵜ62 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙBank of France ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴳⴰⵏⵜ (VAT)20% ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ▲ 0,903 (2021) ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⴷⴰⴼ30 364 ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ▼ 10% (2015) ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ▲ 32,4 (2018) ⵜⵉⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ+33 ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵡⴰⵢⵜ112, 15, 17, 18, 114 ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜFR ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵏⵉⴽⵓⴷ🇫🇷 ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏ226, 227, 228 ⴰⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ.fr, .bzh, .re, .wf, .yt, .pm, .paris, .alsace ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵀⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ, ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱwww.service-public.fr ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ   (15) ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (+01:00) Europe/Paris ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (+02:00) ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ Central European Summer Time UTC−04:00 UTC−03:00 UTC−03:00 ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (UTC+04:00) ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (+03:00) UTC−10:00 ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (+11:00) UTC+12:00 UTC−02:00 UTC−03:00 ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ France), ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⵎⴰⴽⵔⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ] ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ 22 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ 1. Alsace 2. Aquitaine 3. Auvergne 4. Basse-Normandie 5. Bourgogne 6. Bretagne 7. Centre 8. Champagne-Ardenn 9. Corse 10. Franche-Comté 11. Haute-Normandie 12. Île-de-France 13. Languedoc-Roussillon 14. Limousin 15. Lorraine 16. Midi-Pyrénées 17. Nord-Pas-de-Calais 18. Pays de la Loire 19. Picardie 20. Poitou-Charentes 21. Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 22. Rhône-Alpes ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ] ⵥⵕ ⵎⵙⴳ ⵙⵏⴼ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⵉⵜ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⵉⵅ · ⴱⵉⵍⵊⵉⴽ · ⴱⵍⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ · ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ · ⵇⵓⴱⵕⵓⵚ1 · ⵜⵛⵉⴽ · ⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴽ · ⵉⵙⵜⵓⵏⵢⴰ · ⴼⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ · ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ · ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ · ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ · ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ · ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷ · ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ · ⵍⴰⵜⴼⵢⴰ · ⵍⵉⵜⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰ · ⵍⵓⴽⵙⵓⵎⴱⵓⵔⴳ · ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ4 · ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷ · ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷ · ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ · ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ · ⵙⵍⵓⴼⴰⴽⵢⴰ · ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ · ⵙⵙⵡⵉⴷⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ · ⴰⵏⴷⵓⵔⴰ · ⴰⵔⵎⵉⵏⵢⴰ1 · ⴰⵣⵔⴱⵉⵊⴰⵏ2 · ⴱⵉⵍⴰⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ · ⴱⵓⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵀⵉⵔⵙⵉⴽ · ⵊⵓⵔⵊⵢⴰ · ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷ · ⴽⴰⵣⴰⵅⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ3 · ⵍⵉⵛⵜⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ · ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ · ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⴰ · ⵎⵓⵏⴰⴽⵓ · ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ · ⵏⵓⵔⵡⵉⵊ · ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ3 · ⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵏⵓ · ⵚⵉⵕⴱⵢⴰ · ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ · ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ3 · ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ · ⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ · ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ (ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ · ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ · ⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷ · ⵡⵉⵍⵣ) ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴱⵅⴰⵣⵢⴰ2 · ⴽⵓⵙⵓⴼⵓ · ⴰⵔⵜⵙⴰⵅ1 · ⵇⵓⴱⵕⵓⵚ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ1 · ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ2 · ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵏⵉⵙⵜⵔⵢⴰⵜⵉⴰⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷ · ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⵓ · ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵇ · ⵖⵉⵔⵏⵣⵉ · ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏ · ⵊⵉⵔⵣⵉ · ⵙⴼⴰⵍⴱⴰⵔⴷ 1 ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵜ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵜⵜⵓⵃⴰⵙⴰⴱ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⵉⵜ. 2 ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ. 3 ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ. 4 ⵙ ⵜⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵚⵏⵏⴰⴼ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ (ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵏ) ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ (VIAF) ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ (GND) ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⴰⴳⵜⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ (FAST) WorldCatⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ (LCNAF) ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ (BnF) 2 ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ (BnF) 2 ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ (NDL) ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵛⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ (NLCR AUT) ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣⵜ (PTBNP) ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⴰⵡⵏⵓⵔⵡⵉⵊ (BIBSYS) ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵜⴼⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜⵜ (LNB) Israelⴰⵊⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵢⵓⵣⵉⴽ ⴱⵔⵉⵏⵣ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵜ (CiNii)ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ (KulturNav) ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴽⵟⵓⵔⵢⴰ (NGV) 2ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ (NLA Trove) UK Parliamentⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵎ (IdRef) 2 Open Library ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ (HDS) ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵃⴹⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ (NAID) İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ https://zgh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ&oldid=154153 ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ: Pages with TemplateStyles errors ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ Pages using the Kartographer extension ⵜⵏⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ 16 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025, ⴳ 21:23. ⵉⵙⴰⴳⴰ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵥⵕ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵓⵔⵉⵜⵏ. ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ Disclaimers ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰⵜⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⴽⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵇⵇⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴱⴰⵢⵍ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵔⵣⵓ Toggle the table of contents ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ 327 ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ