Professional diving - Wikipedia Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Search Search Appearance Donate Create account Log in Personal tools Donate Create account Log in Contents move to sidebar hide (Top) 1 Procedural aspects Toggle Procedural aspects subsection 1.1 Diving operations 1.2 Diving projects 1.3 Diving contractor 1.4 Diving team 1.5 Regulation of activities 1.6 Codes of practice 1.7 Operations manual 1.8 Records 2 Branches of professional diving Toggle Branches of professional diving subsection 2.1 Commercial diving 2.2 Scientific diving 2.3 Media diving 2.4 Military and naval diving 2.5 Police diving 2.6 Public safety diving 2.7 Aquarium diving 2.8 Aquaculture diving 2.9 Diving instructors 2.10 Recreational dive leaders 3 Equipment Toggle Equipment subsection 3.1 Diving suit 3.2 Breathing apparatus 3.2.1 Scuba diving 3.2.2 Surface-supplied diving 3.2.3 Saturation diving 4 Health and safety 5 Training and registration Toggle Training and registration subsection 5.1 Regional requirements 5.1.1 Australia 5.1.2 Canada 5.1.3 Denmark 5.1.4 Poland 5.1.5 South Africa 5.1.6 United Kingdom 5.1.7 United States 5.1.8 Others 5.2 Engineer diver 6 Demographics 7 References 8 External links Toggle External links subsection 8.1 Nuclear diving articles 8.2 Scientific diving articles Toggle the table of contents Professional diving 13 languages العربية Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Հայերեն Italiano Bahasa Melayu Română Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links Article Talk English Read Edit View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions Read Edit View history General What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Switch to legacy parser Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Underwater diving where divers are paid for their work A US Navy diver at work. The umbilical supplying air from the surface is clearly visible. Professional diving is underwater diving where the divers are paid for their work. Occupational diving has a similar meaning and applications. The procedures are often regulated by legislation and codes of practice as it is an inherently hazardous occupation and the diver works as a member of a team. Due to the dangerous nature of some professional diving operations, specialized equipment such as an on-site hyperbaric chamber and diver-to-surface communication system is often required by law, and the mode of diving for some applications may be regulated. There are several branches of professional diving, the best known of which is probably commercial diving and its specialised applications, commercial offshore diving, inshore civil engineering diving, marine salvage diving, hazmat diving, and ships husbandry diving. There are also applications in scientific research, marine archaeology, fishing and aquaculture, public safety, law enforcement, military service, media work and diver training. Any person wishing to become a professional diver normally requires specific training that satisfies any regulatory agencies which have regional or national authority, such as US Occupational Safety and Health Administration, United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive or South African Department of Employment and Labour.[1][2] International recognition of professional diver qualifications and registration exists between some countries.[3] Procedural aspects[edit] The primary procedural distinction between professional and recreational diving is that the recreational diver is responsible primarily for their own actions and safety but may voluntarily accept limited responsibility for dive buddies, whereas the professional diver is part of a team of people with extensive responsibilities and obligations to each other and usually to an employer or client, and these responsibilities and obligations are formally defined in contracts, legislation, regulations, operations manuals, standing orders and compulsory or voluntary codes of practice. In many cases a statutory national occupational health and safety legislation constrains their activities.[2][1] The purpose of recreational diving is basically for personal entertainment, while the professional diver has a job to do, and diving is necessary to get that job done. Recreational diving instruction and dive leadership are legally considered professional diving in some jurisdictions, particularly when the diver is employed for that purpose, and even when this is not the case, occupational health and safety regulation may apply, even when self employed, regarding duty of care to clients.[4][5] Diving operations[edit] A diving operation is a professional dive and the activity in preparation for, and in support of, the specific dive. The diving operation is controlled by the diving supervisor, is expected to follow the dive plan, is conducted by the diving team, and is recorded in the diving operations record (though the terms may have regional variations). A diving operation is over when the last diver has completed decompression and is out of the water.[2] Diving projects[edit] A diving project is a coordinated set of diving operations for a particular purpose, often the responsibility of a diving contractor. This would include mobilisation and setup of the diving spread at the start, and demobilisation at the end of the project. Depending on the size of the project, the project manager may be the senior supervisor, or the diving superintendent.[2] Diving contractor[edit] A diving contractor is the legal entity responsible for the execution of diving operations for a client. The diving contractor is responsible for ensuring that the diving operations are safe, that a competent diving team is appointed, and the contracted work is done to specifications.[2] Diving team[edit] Main article: Diving team A diving team is a group of people who conduct a diving operation. A characteristic of professional diving is the specification for minimum personnel for the diving support team. This typically specifies the minimum number of team members and their appointed responsibilities in the team based on the circumstances and mode of diving, and the minimum qualifications for specified members of the diving team. The minimum team requirements may be specified by regulation or code of practice. Specific appointments within a dive team for which competences are specified and registration may be required are listed below.[2][5][6][7] Core diving team: Diving supervisor – Professional diving team leader responsible for safety[2] Working diver – The person who is intended to do the underwater work during a professional dive[2] Stand-by diver – A member of a dive team who is ready to assist or rescue the working diver[2] Diver's tender – Assistant to a diver[2] Diving medical practitioner – Specialist in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disorders caused by underwater diving – On telephonic standby.[2] Additional member for surface-supplied air diving using a low pressure compressor: Compressor operator – Person competent to operate a diving air compressor[2] Additional member for bell diving: Bellman – The member of a dive team who acts as stand-by diver and tender from the diving bell[2] Launch and recovery system winch operator[2] Additional member for dives with a chamber on site: Chamber operator – A person who operates a diving chamber[2] Additional member for surface-supplied mixed gas diving: Gas man – Person who controls the breathing gas supply to a surface-supplied mixed-gas diver[2] Additional members for offshore diving: Diving medical technician – Person trained in advanced first aid for divers[6] Systems technician – Person competent to maintain diving systems[6] Diving superintendent – A management position responsible for diving operations[6] Additional personnel for saturation diving: Life support technician – A member of a saturation diving team who operates the surface habitat - One per shift.[2] Life support supervisor – Senior life support technician[2] Additional members for remotely operated underwater vehicle support: ROV pilot – A person competent to operate a remotely controlled underwater vehicle[2] ROV Supervisor – A senior ROV pilot appointed to supervise the ROV team[2] Regulation of activities[edit] Main article: Diving regulations Professional diving activities are generally regulated by health and safety legislation, but in some cases may be exempted from the national or state diving regulations for specific diving applications, such as scientific diving or public safety diving, when they operate under a recognised code of practice for that application.[8][9] Commercial offshore diving takes place outside the limits of national jurisdiction and is generally regulated by industry consensus standards of voluntary membership organisations such as the International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA).[10] Codes of practice[edit] Main article: Code of practice A code of practice for professional diving is a document that complements occupational health and safety laws and regulations to provide detailed practical guidance on how to comply with legal obligations, and should be followed unless another solution with the same or better health and safety standard is in place,[11] or may be a document for the same purpose published by a self-regulating body to be followed by member organisations.[12][6] Codes of practice published by governments do not replace the occupational health and safety laws and regulations, and are generally issued in terms of those laws and regulations. They are intended to help understand how to comply with the requirements of regulations. A workplace inspector can refer to a code of practice when issuing an improvement or prohibition notice, and they may be admissible in court proceedings. A court may use a code of practice to establish what is reasonably practicable action to manage a specific risk. Equivalent or better ways of achieving the required work health and safety may be possible, so compliance with codes of practice is not usually mandatory, providing that any alternative systems used provide a standard of health and safety equal to or better than those recommended by the code of practice.[13] Operations manual[edit] The operations manual is the diving contractor's in-house documentation specifying the procedures authorised for diving operations conducted by the company. It will refer to relevant legislation and codes of practice and will specify the organisation of the company and the chain of responsibility. Standard operating procedures for the activities normally conducted by the company may be described in sufficient detail that all affected parties can understand how the organisation operates,[2] or may refer to other documents such as the equipment manufacturer's maintenance instructions for details. Records[edit] Professional diving operations are generally required to be documented for legal reasons related to contractual obligations and health and safety. Divers are required to keep their personal diving logbooks up to date, supervisors are required to record the specifics of a diving operation on the diving operations record. The dive plan is generally documented, and includes a description of the planned work, specification of the equipment to be used, the expected dive profile, and the outcome of the relevant risk assessment.[2] Branches of professional diving[edit] Commercial diving[edit] Main article: Commercial diving Surface supplied commercial diving equipment on display at a trade show Commercial diving may be considered an application of professional diving where the diver engages in underwater work for industrial, construction, engineering, maintenance or other commercial purposes which are similar to work done out of the water, and where the diving is usually secondary to the work.[14] In some legislation, commercial diving is defined as any diving done by an employee as part of their job, and for legal purposes this may include scientific, public safety, media, and military diving.[2] That is similar to the definition for professional diving and occupational diving, but in those cases the difference is in the status of the diver within the organisation of the diving contractor. This distinction may not exist in other jurisdictions. In South Africa, any person who dives under the control and instructions of another person within the scope of the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993, is within the scope of the Diving Regulations, 2009.[2] In the UK, the Diving at Work Regulations, 1997, apply.[5] Major applications of commercial diving include: Offshore diving – Diving outside the territorial waters of a country Civil engineering diving – Diving in support of civil engineering projects. Underwater construction – Industrial construction in an underwater environment Inspection, nondestructive testing, and repair Hazmat diving – Underwater diving in a known hazardous materials environment Nuclear diving – Diving in an environment where there is a risk of exposure to radioactive materials Sewer diving – Diving for maintenance work in sewers Potable water diving – Underwater diving in potable water systems Salvage diving – Diving work associated with the recovery of vehicles, cargo and structures Ships husbandry diving – Diving related to the maintenance and upkeep of ships Scientific diving[edit] A scientific diver at work Main article: Scientific diving Scientific diving is the use of diving techniques by scientists to study underwater what would normally be studied by scientists. Scientific divers are normally qualified scientists first and divers second, who use diving equipment and techniques as their way to get to the location of their fieldwork. The direct observation and manipulation of marine habitats afforded to scuba-equipped scientists have transformed the marine sciences generally, and marine biology and marine chemistry in particular.[15] Underwater archeology and geology are other examples of sciences pursued underwater. Some scientific diving is carried out by universities in support of undergraduate or postgraduate research programs.[16] Government bodies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the UK Environment Agency carry out scientific diving to recover samples of water, marine organisms and sea, lake or riverbed material to examine for signs of pollution.[17] Equipment used varies widely in this field, but surface supplied equipment though quite uncommon in the UK is growing in popularity in the U.S. Most scientific dives are relatively short duration and shallow, and surface supplied equipment is cumbersome and relatively expensive. The safety record of scuba for scientific diving has been good, and it is considered acceptable for most scientific diving by several national and international codes of practice.[12] Not all scientific divers are professionals; some are amateurs who assist with research or contribute observations on citizen science projects out of personal interest.[18] Scientific diving organizations include: The American Academy of Underwater Sciences The European Scientific Diving Panel.[19] The German Academy of Underwater Sciences.[20] Standard references for scientific diving operations include: Code of Practice for Scientific Diving: Principles for the Safe Practice of Scientific Diving in Different Environments.[7] Joiner James T. (ed), NOAA Diving Manual: Diving for Science and Technology, Fourth Edition, 2001, U.S.Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, ( ISBN 0941332705) Haddock, Steven H. D. & John N. Heine, 2005. Scientific Blue-water Diving California Sea Grant College Program Media diving[edit] Further information: Underwater photography and Underwater videography Media diving is the practice of underwater photography and underwater cinematography outside of normal recreational interests. Media diving is often carried out in support of television documentaries or movies using underwater footage. Media divers are usually skilled camera operators who use diving as a method to access their workplace, although some professional underwater photographers start as recreational divers.[21] Scuba and surface supplied equipment is used, depending on job requirements and risk, and rebreathers are often used for wildlife related work as they are relatively quiet, release a smaller volume of bubbles and allow the diver a long dive time with a reduced risk of disturbing the subject.[22] Military and naval diving[edit] US Navy Clearance Divers defusing a MK17 Buoyant Mine Main articles: Army engineer diver, Clearance diver, and Frogman Military diving is diving carried out by military personnel in the course of their duties.[23] There are a number of different specialisations in military diving; some depend on the branch of the military. Offensive activities include underwater demolition, infiltration and sabotage, this being the type of work done by units such as the UK Special Boat Service or the United States Navy SEALs. Defensive activities are centered around countering the threat of enemy special forces and enemy anti-shipping measures, and typically involve defusing mines, searching for explosive devices attached to the hulls of ships, and locating enemy frogmen in the water.[24] Military divers may need equipment which does not reveal their position and avoids setting off explosives, and to this end, they may use rebreathers which produce less noise due to bubbles emitted from the equipment, and few or no bubbles on the surface, and which contain no magnetic components, and the face-mask may be fitted with anti-reflective glass.[25] Naval diving is the military term for what civilians would call commercial diving. Naval divers work to support maintenance and repair operations on ships and military installations. Their equipment is derived from commercially available equipment, with the US Navy using versions of the Kirby Morgan helmets and full-face masks amongst other equipment. Typical tasks include:[26] inspection, cleaning and maintenance of boats, ships, and underwater structures[26] demolition of shipwrecks, obstructing navigation and unexploded ordnance[26] ship, submarine, downed aircraft, and other military hardware salvage or recovery[26] underwater mine clearance[26] investigating unidentified submerged divers Some armies have their own diving personnel for inland water operations.[27] Experimental diving may be conducted by special units like the US Navy's Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) which involves meeting military needs through the research and development of diving practices and diving equipment, testing new types of equipment and finding more effective and safer ways to perform dives and related activities. The US NEDU was responsible for much of the experimental diving work to calculate and validate decompression tables and algorithms, and has since worked on such developments as heated diving suits powered by radioactive isotopes and mixed gas diving equipment, while the British equivalent (The Admiralty Experimental Diving Unit) developed the Mark 10 submarine escape suits used by both the Royal Navy and the US Navy.[28][29] Police diving[edit] Main article: Police diving Police diving team in a river in Berlin Police divers are normally police officers who have been trained in the use of diving techniques to recover evidence and occasionally bodies from underwater.[30] They may also be employed in searching shipping for contraband attached to the outside of hulls to avoid detection by internal searches.[31] The equipment they use depends on operational requirements, but a requirement for communications with the surface team would necessitate the use of full-face masks with voice communication equipment, either with scuba or surface-supplied equipment.[32] Public safety diving[edit] Main article: Public safety diving Nesconset fire department scuba rescue team on training exercise Public safety diving is the underwater work conducted by law enforcement, fire rescue, and search and rescue or recovery dive teams. Public safety divers differ from recreational, scientific and commercial divers who can generally plan the date, time, and location of a dive, and dive only if the conditions are conducive to the task. Public safety divers respond to emergencies at whatever time and place they occur, and may be required to dive at times and in circumstances where conditions and regulations may exempt them from some of the health and safety requirements of other professional divers at times when it appears possible that a living person may be rescued. In the US, many public safety divers are volunteers, but career law enforcement or fire rescue personnel also often take on these additional responsibilities as part of their occupation.[33][9] Aquarium diving[edit] People employed as aquarium divers normally hold some form of occupational diving qualification, either as a commercial diver or a recognised recreational certification indicating sufficient competence.[2][5] The work is varied but is centred around the maintenance of the tank, care of the livestock and public entertainment. This includes tank cleaning and maintenance, including cleaning the windows, putting on shows and generally interacting with the public, feeding the animals, and guiding members of the public on recreational dives in the tanks.[34][35] A large amount of aquarium diving work may be done by volunteers. In some places volunteers may only need recreational certification,[35] but in others they may need professional diver registration, although to some extent this is at the discretion of the aquarium management, as it may balance on whether the diver is under the official direction of the management, which in some jurisdictions will automatically oblige them to be considered occupational divers in terms of occupational health and safety regulations.[2] Regulatory requirements will vary. The Georgia Aquarium diving operations are regulated by OSHA 29 CFR Part 1910 Subpart T regulations for commercial diving operations, standards set by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), the American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS), and the World Recreational Scuba Training Council (WRSTC) for diving procedures and equipment, and also the Marine Mammal Protection Act, regulations set by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, and others, for care of the animals.[35] In South Africa, the Diving Regulations of the Occupational Health and Safety Act apply, and in the UK, the Diving at Work Regulations.[2][5] Aquaculture diving[edit] Main article: Aquaculture Aquaculture is the controlled cultivation of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae and other organisms of value such as aquatic plants. It involves cultivating freshwater, brackish water, and saltwater populations under controlled or semi-natural conditions.[36] Aquaculture is also a practice used for restoring and rehabilitating marine and freshwater ecosystems.[37] Many of the tasks of aquaculture need to be done underwater, and can be done by divers employed for this purpose.[38] Aquaculture divers perform tasks like inspecting and repairing nets and cages, monitoring the health of the farmed organisms, and preventing stock lost due to damaged equipment. Typical diver activities include inspection, cleaning, and repair of nets, monitoring the health of the stock, maintenance of moorings, mortality cleanup, and retrieval of equipment. The work is done at relatively shallow depths, and environmental hazards are usually low risk.[38] Diving instructors[edit] Main article: Diving instructor Instructors for the professional classes of diving are generally qualified and experienced as divers, diving supervisors, and adult educators operating under the auspices of a governmental agency. Standards for instruction are authorized by those agencies to ensure safety during training and competence in the workplace.[39][5] Commercial diving instructors are normally required to have commercial diving qualifications. They typically teach trainee commercial divers how to operate the types of diving equipment and typical underwater tools they will use in the course of their work as well as the skills required for diving safely with the relevant equipment.[39] Recreational diving instructors differ from other types of professional divers as they normally don't require registration as commercial divers, but a relevant recreational qualification from a recognised certification agency and in-date membership or registration with that agency which permits them to teach and assess the competence of recreational divers to agency standards. Recreational dive instructors teach a wide variety of skills from entry-level diver training for beginners, to diver rescue for intermediate level divers and technical diving for divers who wish to dive in higher risk environments. They may operate from dedicated dive centres at coastal sites, or through hotels in popular holiday resorts or simply from local swimming pools. Initial training is carried out mainly on conventional open circuit scuba equipment[40][41][42] but with the increasing availability of recreational rebreathers, their use is also taught.[43][44][45][46][47][48] Not all recreational diving instructors are professionals; many are amateurs with careers outside the diving industry, but they work to the same training standards as the professionals, and will have the same duty of care for their trainees.[49] Recreational dive leaders[edit] See also: Dive leader, Divemaster, Scuba diving tourism, and Civil liability in recreational diving Professional underwater dive leaders (also referred to as divemasters) are quite commonly employed by dive centres, live-aboard dive boats and day charter boats to lead certified recreational divers and groups of divers on underwater excursions. These divemasters are generally expected to ensure that the customers are briefed on the conditions to be expected, the known hazards other than those inherent in the activity, and what the customer can reasonably expect to see during a dive. They are underwater tour guides, and as such are expected to know the level of certification and fitness needed for the planned dive, but are not generally considered responsible for ensuring that the customers are competent to the level of certification they hold, or for the personal safety of the customers during the dive. If the dive leader allocates dive buddies, they may thereby make themselves legally responsible for ensuring that the buddy pairs they allocate are appropriate. Any instruction given by the dive leader may make them liable for the reasonably foreseeable consequences of carrying out that instruction, though the customer is usually obliged to sign a waiver exonerating the dive guide for ordinary negligence.[50][51] Not all recreational dive leaders are professionals; many are amateurs with careers outside the diving industry, and lead groups of friends or club members without financial reward.[49] The internationally recognised minimum standard for a person professionally leading a group of certified recreational divers is ISO 24801-3 and the equivalent European Standard EN 14153–3. Most recreational diver training agencies have a certification meeting these standards.[52][53] Equipment[edit] US Navy Diver using Kirby Morgan diving helmet Argentine Diver using Kirby Morgan 57 diving helmet fitted with underwater camera and light Main article: Diving equipment Diving equipment is equipment used by underwater divers to make diving activities possible, easier, safer and/or more comfortable. This may be equipment primarily intended for this purpose, or equipment intended for other purposes which is found to be suitable for diving use.[54] Diving suit[edit] Main article: Diving suit Depending on the water temperature, depth and duration of the planned dive, the diver will either use a wetsuit, dry suit or hot water suit. A wetsuit provides thermal insulation by layers of foam neoprene but the diver gets wet. Hot water diving suits are similar to a wetsuit but are flooded with warm water from a surface water heater that is then pumped to the diver via an umbilical. A dry suit is another method of insulation, operating by keeping the diver dry under the suit, and relies on either the suit material, the gas trapped in thermal undergarments, or both, to insulate the diver, and also provides better isolation from environmental contamination. Certain applications require a specific type of dive suit; long dives into deep, cold water normally require a hot water suit or dry suit, whilst diving into potentially contaminated environments requires a dry suit, dry hood, and dry gloves at a minimum, usually with a helmet sealed to the suit, or at least a positive pressure full-face mask, thereby keeping the diver completely isolated from the diving environment.[55][56][57] Breathing apparatus[edit] A number of factors dictate the type of breathing apparatus used by the diver.[23] Typical considerations include the length of the dive, water contamination, space constraints and vehicle access for support vehicles.[55] Some disciplines will very rarely use surface supplied diving, such as scientific divers or military clearance divers, whilst commercial divers will rarely use scuba equipment.[6][58] Scuba diving[edit] Main article: Scuba diving Scuba equipment is not commonly used in civilian commercial diving, but is often employed by scientific, media and military divers, sometimes as specialized equipment such as rebreathers, which are closed circuit scuba equipment that recycles exhaled breathing gas instead of releasing it into the water. The recycling of gas makes rebreathers advantageous for long duration dives, more efficient decompression is possible when the gas mix is adjustable, and observation of animals in the wild is facilitated due to the lack of noisy exhaust bubbles. These characteristics also make rebreathers suitable for military tactical use, such as when military divers are engaged in covert action where bubbles would alert the opposition to their presence, or when performing mine clearance where bubble noise could potentially trigger an explosion.[25] Open circuit scuba equipment is occasionally used by commercial divers working on sites where surface supplied equipment is impracticable, such as around raised structures like a water tower, or in remote locations where it is necessary to carry equipment to the dive site. A full face mask with voice communications equipment will usually be used to allow dive lights and video cameras to be mounted on the mask. A benefit of full-face masks is that most models can also be used with surface supplied equipment, making them more versatile.[59][60] Surface-supplied diving[edit] Main article: Surface-supplied diving Surface-supplied divers (Illustrated London News, 8 February 1873) US Navy tender with umbilical - A typical surface supplied diving situation This is the preferred diving mode for professional diving when it is reasonably practicable, as it allows reliable voice communications, and a reliable gas supply. Surface-supplied equipment can be used with full face masks or diving helmets.[59] Helmets are normally fitted with diver to surface voice communication equipment, and often with light sources and video cameras.[54] Breathing gas for the diver is supplied from high-pressure gas storage cylinders or a low-pressure diving air compressor at the surface, via a gas distribution manifold, through a long, flexible hose, bundled with other services and called an diver's umbilical. In addition to breathing gas, the umbilical will have additional hoses and cables for voice communications equipment, a pneumofathometer for measuring depth, and hot water if the diver uses a hot water suit. The umbilical must be strong enough to support the diver's weight, with an adequate safety margin, because it may be used by surface personnel to hoist the diver out of the water.[61][62] Saturation diving[edit] Main article: Saturation diving If the diver is to work at fairly constant depths for periods which would require long periods for decompression, the diver may live in a special underwater habitat or a pressurised surface habitat called a saturation system.[61] This type of diving is known as saturation diving.[61] The same technique for supplying breathing gas as regular surface supplied diving is used, with the diving bell receiving breathing gas and other essential services from a diving support vessel on the surface.[61] If diving at extreme depths, helium-based breathing gas mixtures are used to prevent nitrogen narcosis and oxygen toxicity which would otherwise occur due to the high ambient pressure. The diver is decompressed only once, at the end of the job, which saves time and reduces risk of decompression injury.[63] Health and safety[edit] See also: Fitness to dive, Diving safety, and Occupational health and safety The hazards and risk associated with professional diving include those of the underwater environment, combined with those of the specific work environment and the tools, equipment and work of the diving task.[64] Professional diving falls under occupational health and safety legislation, and as the hazards and risks are often specific to the occupation, it may be specifically covered by regulation promulgated for this purpose,[5][2] as well as more general occupational health and safety regulations relevant to the current working environment.[4] Many of the inherent risks of diving are mainly managed by administrative controls and personal protective equipment, some of which requires significant expertise to operate effectively, so training is necessary, and registration is required as a means of ensuring adequate training has been completed and competence has been assessed.[2][39] Other risks are associated with health and fitness to dive, and there are standards set for these assessing these factors, and for keeping record of that they are up to date.[2] The annual fatality rate in the US and Europe tends to be between 20 and 233 per 100.000, and it is considered likely that rates may be higher in developing countries.[64] Occupational injuries leading to lost workdays for commercial divers in the US were estimated at about 460 per annum between 2011 and 2017.[64] Underwater work is forbidden for minors by the International Labour Organization (ILO, Recommendation no. 190 - Worst Forms of Child Labour Recommendation, 1999) and is classified as arduous work for health care and social security in some jurisdictions.[64] There is no international classification of commercial divers in maritime labour law, and this may vary considerably between national legislations. In the US there are cases where commercial divers were recognised as seamen under the Jones Act.[64] Training and registration[edit] Main article: Diver training Training in the characteristics and use of breathing apparatus as relevant to the certification Diver training is the set of processes through which a person learns the necessary and desirable skills to safely dive underwater within the scope of the diver training standard relevant to the specific training programme. Most diver training follows procedures and schedules laid down in the associated training standard, in a formal training programme, and includes relevant foundational knowledge of the underlying theory, including some basic physics, physiology and environmental information, practical skills training in the selection and safe use of the associated equipment in the specified underwater environment, and assessment of the required skills and knowledge deemed necessary by the certification agency to allow the newly certified diver to dive within the specified range of conditions at an acceptable level of risk. Recognition of prior learning is allowed in some training standards.[39] Professional diver certification is generally in terms of a diver training standard published by a national government organisation or department, or an international organisation of which such national bodies are members. Training standards specify the mode of diving, equipment and scope of operations for divers registered in terms of that standard. International recognition of professional diver certification may require registration through a national government agency or an agency appointed by a national government for this purpose.[39][65][66] Diver training is closely associated with diver certification or registration, the process of application for and issue of formal recognition of competence by a certification agency or registration authority.[39] Work skills specific to the underwater environment may be included in diver trailing programmes, but are also often provided independently, either as job training for a specific operation, or as generic training by specialists in the fields.[39] Regional requirements[edit] Australia[edit] The Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme (ADAS) is an international commercial and occupational diver certification scheme administered on a cost-recovery basis by the ADAS Board under the direction of the Australian Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism. It has mutual recognition arrangements with other equivalent national schemes. The original Australian and New Zealand (NZ) national occupational diver certification scheme was developed by the Australian government as a not-for-profit accreditation and certification scheme. Training is provided by Accredited Training Establishments (ATEs) which are required to operate at a level of international best practice as specified by ADAS. The scheme provides certification of divers and accreditation of training establishments, develops training courses to meet industry needs, and promotes the mobility of ADAS licence holders around the world. Australian commercial divers are trained in accordance with Australian Standard AS 2815.[65] Canada[edit] The Diver Certification Board of Canada[67] certifies occupational divers, and accredits schools which train occupational divers. The DCBC is a federally incorporated not-for-profit body which was originally set up to replace the offshore diver certification regime of the National Energy Board and the offshore petroleum boards. DCBC is the only national body which certifies offshore and inshore commercial divers in Canada. The DCBC offers certification to commercial divers and supervisors who can demonstrate that they have sufficient training and experience to enable them to meet the competency requirements of the appropriate section of the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Competency Standard for Diving Operations (CSA Standard Z275.4). Certificates issued by the DCBC are recognized by Australia (ADAS), France, Norway, South Africa (DoEL), the United Kingdom (HSE) and the International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA). The Diver Certification Board of Canada accredits commercial diver training organizations which train to the competency levels described in CSA Standard Z275.4. Accredited commercial diver training organizations can also assess the competency of experienced commercial divers who were not trained at an accredited school, a form of recognition of prior learning. Denmark[edit] All professional diving activities carried out on Danish national territory (including its continental shelf and from Danish offshore vessels and platforms) must comply with the provisions of the Consolidated act on diving operations and diving equipment, etc. and Order no. 1395 on the safe performance of diving operations.[68] Diving operations in Greenland are subject to different regulations.[69] The Danish Maritime Authority oversees all diving operations. In order to perform diving work, the professional diver must have completed and passed training programs at an approved diving schools. Training program content must comply with national and IDSA training standards.[64] Poland[edit] In Poland "commercial diver" is a state-regulated profession and qualifications are awarded by the Maritime Office in Gdynia, according the Polish law of 17 October 2003.[64] There are four levels of diving qualifications for divers and supervisors. The diver's cards and logbooks are legally protected documents.[64] South Africa[edit] In South Africa the Department of Employment and Labour regulates the activities of people who dive as part of their employment, except for those involved in diving connected to minerals and energy, who are nominally controlled by the Department of Minerals and Energy. Military diving is also officially within the jurisdiction of the Department of Employment and Labour, but provided the diving is conducted within the requirements of SA Naval Operations Publication 96 it is deemed to comply with the Diving Regulations of the Occupational Health and Safety Act 1993.[2] All commercial diver training is within the scope of the Diving Regulations, but recreational diver training and dive leading (divemasters) are specifically excluded from the regulations, though still subject to general provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety Act.[2][4] Commercial divers are registered with the Department of Employment and Labour after completing their training and assessment at registered commercial diving schools.[2] The standard of training is officially specified in the Commercial Diver Training Standards for each class of diver,[39] but the precise definitions for many of the specified items is unclear. However this is not unlike the standards for training in several other countries, as the SA standards are similar to the standards published by the International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum (IDRCF) of which the SA Department of Employment and Labour is a member.[70] United Kingdom[edit] In the UK, any person diving at work is required to hold a relevant qualification approved by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE).[71] Diving schools in the UK provide training to a HSE approved standard. Some HSE commercial diver qualifications are recognized by Australia (ADAS), Canada (DCBC), France, Norway, South Africa (DoEL) and in part by the International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA).[71] There are four basic HSE qualifications, focusing on different types of equipment and diving activity, starting with scuba, then surface supplied air, surface supplied with wet bell, and surface supplied with closed bell. Training usually takes place at a residential school, with courses taking anything between 9 and 13 weeks although divers with existing qualifications, such as former military divers can take courses which build on their existing knowledge and experience.[72] The UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) publish a List of Approved Diving Qualifications which are approved for divers taking part in a diving project. Such divers may be classified as:[71] Offshore Diving, for closed bell saturation diving, and for surface supplied, surface-oientated diving to a maximum depth of 50 metres,[71] Inland/Inshore Diving in support of civil engineering or marine-related projects and fish farming,[71] Shellfish Diving[71] Scientific and Archaeological Diving[71] Media Diving[71] Recreational Diving[71] Police Diving[71] Military Diving[71] Commercial Acquaint Diving[71] United States[edit] [</spanicon<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"mwBGI\"]</span","txt":"[icon]"}]]}' This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2019) Others[edit] Other countries known to have nationally regulated training and registration systems: France Norway [</spanicon<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"mwBGo\"]</span","txt":"[icon]"}]]}' This section needs expansion. You can help by adding missing information. (July 2019) Engineer diver[edit] A Master's degree titled Engineer Diver, for a professional who has the capacities, skills and knowledge needed to plan, manage and successfully execute an underwater operation concerning engineering practice, was proposed in 2007. The proposal does not appear to have been taken up.[73] Examples of businesses that might benefit from the proposed qualification are civil infrastructures contractors (above and below water) where inspections, and maintenance projects are carried out periodically. That is the case of underwater inspections of ports, offshore platforms, vessels, bridges and dams.[74] Demographics[edit] See also: Scientific diving § Demographics Commercial diving is a male-dominated occupation in the US, with about 3000 people employed as commercial divers in fields mainly described as support industries for petroleum extraction, heavy and civil engineering and construction, and marine transportation.[75] References[edit] {{cite journal |author=Hicks, RE |title=The Legal Scope of \"Scientific Diving\": An Analysis of the OSHA Exemption. |journal=In: EJ Maney, Jr and CH Ellis, Jr (Eds.) Diving for Science...1997. |volume=Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences |issue=17th Annual Scientific Diving Symposium |year=1997 }}</ref--\n\n<ref name=\"ADAS Aquaculture\" {{cite web|url=https://adas.org.au/careers/aquaculture/ |title=Aquaculture |website=adas.org.au |access-date=14 November 2025 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"ADAS qualifications\" {{cite web |last=Staff |title=ADAS Qualifications |website=ADAS official website |url=http://www.adas.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&catid=36 |access-date=14 June 2012 |archive-date=18 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318060916/http://adas.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&catid=36 |url-status=live }}</ref\n\n<ref name=ADASmedia {{cite web |title=Media diving |publisher=[[Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme]] |url=https://www.adas.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=83&Itemid=115#feature |access-date=19 September 2013 |archive-date=25 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125213014/https://adas.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=83&Itemid=115#feature |url-status=live }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Alert diver\" {{cite journal |url=http://www.alertdiver.com/Military |title=Military Diving - A history of innovation |journal=Alert Diver |publisher=[[Divers Alert Network]] |location=Durham, North Carolina |volume=Summer 2014 |last=Grollimund |first=Tim |date=2014 |access-date=29 November 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822155842/https://dan.org/alert-diver/article/military-diving/ |url-status=live }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"AmericanHeritageDef\"{{cite web|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/aquaculture|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719044903/http://www.answers.com/topic/aquaculture|title=aquaculture|archive-date=2006-07-19|work=Answers.com}}</ref\n\n<!--<ref name=\"Bevan 2005\"{{cite book|editor=Bevan, John|title=The Professional Divers's Handbook|edition=second|year=2005|publisher=Submex Ltd|location=Alverstoke, Gosport, Hampshire |isbn= 978-0950824260}}</ref--\n\n<ref name=Beyerstein {{cite book |last=Beyerstein |first=G |chapter=Commercial Diving: Surface-Mixed Gas, Sur-D-O2, Bell Bounce, Saturation |editor-last1=Lang |editor-first1=M.A. |editor-last2=Smith |editor-first2=N.E. |title=Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |location=Washington, DC |year=2006 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"bls\" {{cite web |url=https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes499092.htm |title=Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2023. 49-9092 Commercial Divers |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=US Bureau of Labor Statistics |access-date=14 November 2025 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"British Army\" {{cite web |url=https://bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com/elite-special-forces/uk-elite-special-forces/british-army-military-diver-training/ |title=British Army Military Diver Training |website=bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com |date=19 October 2014 |publisher= |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416112356/https://bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com/elite-special-forces/uk-elite-special-forces/british-army-military-diver-training/ |url-status=live }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"BSAC\" {{cite web |url=https://www.bsac.com/news-and-blog/how-volunteer-instructors-deliver-for-bsac-members/ |title=How volunteer instructors deliver for BSAC members |website=www.bsac.com |access-date=16 November 2025 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"BSAC rebreathers\"{{cite web |url=http://www.bsac.com/page.asp?section=1609&sectionTitle=Rebreathers+-+General |title=BSAC, Rebreathers - General |last=Staff |access-date=24 September 2013 |archive-date=21 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221015951/http://www.bsac.com/page.asp?section=1609&sectionTitle=Rebreathers+-+General |url-status=dead }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"CMAS CoP\" {{cite book |last=Scientific Committee of CMAS |author-link=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques#Scientific Committee |editor1-last=Flemming |editor1-first=N. C. |editor2-last=Max |editor2-first=M. D. |year=1988 |url=http://www.jodc.go.jp/info/ioc_doc/UNESCO_tech/080632eb.pdf |title=Code of Practice for Scientific Diving: Principles for the Safe Practice of Scientific Diving in Different Environments |series=UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science 53 |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Div. of Marine Sciences |location=Paris, France |issn=0503-4299 |oclc=18056894 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-date=22 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322213127/http://www.jodc.go.jp/info/ioc_doc/UNESCO_tech/080632eb.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"CMAS scientific CoP\"{{cite book |url=http://www.jodc.go.jp/info/ioc_doc/UNESCO_tech/080632eb.pdf |title=Code of Practice for Scientific Diving: Principles for the safe practice of scientific diving in different environments |series=UNESCO technocal papers in marine science 53 |year=1988 |publisher=UNESCO |author=CMAS Scientific Committee |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-date=22 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322213127/http://www.jodc.go.jp/info/ioc_doc/UNESCO_tech/080632eb.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"COOL ND\" {{cite web|url=https://www.cool.osd.mil/usn/moc/index.html?moc=nd&tab=overview |title=ND - Navy Diver |website= |access-date=19 November 2025 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"CoP for diver training\" {{cite book |url=http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/documents/useful-documents/occupational-health-and-safety/commercialdive2014.pdf |title=Code of Practice for Commercial Diver Training, Revision 3 |last=Diving Advisory Board |year=2007 |publisher=South African Department of Labour |access-date=6 November 2016 |location=Pretoria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107021628/http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/documents/useful-documents/occupational-health-and-safety/commercialdive2014.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"CoP Inshore\"{{cite book|url=http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/documents/useful-documents/occupational-health-and-safety/inshorediving2014.pdf |title=Code Of Practice Inshore Diving |last=Diving Advisory Board |publisher=The South African Department of Labour |accessdate=16 September 2016 |location=Pretoria}}</ref \n\n<ref name=\"DAN legal team 2016\" {{cite news |url=http://www.dansa.org/blog/2016/06/23/the-nature-of-liability-diving |title=The Nature of Liability & Diving |last=DAN legal team |newspaper=Dan Southern Africa |date=23 June 2016 |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818123254/http://www.dansa.org/blog/2016/06/23/the-nature-of-liability-diving |url-status=live }}</ref\n\n<ref name=DCBC {{cite web |title=Diver Certification Board of Canada official website |url=http://www.divercertification.com/English/index.html |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-date=28 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828050007/http://www.divercertification.com/English/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Dept of Energy\" {{cite web|url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/commercial-diver |title=Commercial Diver |website=www.energy.gov |access-date=15 November 2025 |publisher=US Department of Energy }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"divecatalog\"{{cite web|url=https://divecatalog.com/pages/government-and-professional-scuba-gear-solutions/law-enforcement-equipment-for-underwater-investigations-gsa-institutions |title=Scuba Diving Equipment for Law Enforcement Agencies |website=divecatalog.com |access-date=19 November 2025 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"diver certification\" {{cite web |url=https://www.divercertification.com/about-dcbc/internal-recognition/ |title=International Recognition |publisher=Diver Certification Board of Canada |access-date=29 June 2019 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629170720/https://www.divercertification.com/about-dcbc/internal-recognition/ |url-status=live }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Diving at Work Regulations 1997\" {{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1997/2776/made |title=The Diving at Work Regulations 1997 |last=Staff |year=1977 |work=Statutory Instruments 1997 No. 2776 Health and Safety |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO) |location=Kew, Richmond, Surrey |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-date=31 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031191337/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1997/2776/made |url-status=live }}</ref\n\n<ref name=DMA {{cite web |url=https://dma.dk/safety-at-sea/commercial-diving/what-does-the-law-say- |title=What does the law say? |website=dma.dk |publisher=[[Danish Maritime Authority]] |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=20 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420233620/https://dma.dk/safety-at-sea/commercial-diving/what-does-the-law-say- |url-status=live }}</ref\n\n<!--not used\n<ref name=Drew1991{{cite journal |author=Drew, EA |title=History and regulation of scientific diving in Australia. |journal=In: Hans-Jurgen, K; Harper Jr, DE (eds.) International Pacifica Scientific Diving. 1991. |publisher=Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences Eleventh Annual Scientific Diving Symposium held 25–30 September 1991. University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii }}</ref--\n\n<ref name=dsi {{cite report |last1=Junker |first1=D.L. |last2=Mazzone |first2=R.W. |title=Evaluation of Diving System International (DSI) KMB-28B Bandmask. |work=US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report |volume=NEDU-TR-10-96 |year=1996 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"EDTC 2010\" {{cite web |publisher=The [[European Diving Technology Committee]] |date=2010 |title=Minutes of the EDTC meeting held on Sept 10th 2010 in Prague, Czech Republic |url=http://www.edtc.org/PRAG.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223072724/http://edtc.org/PRAG.htm |archive-date=23 February 2017 |access-date=13 September 2013 }}</ref\n\n<!--<ref name=\"EPA ERT\" {{cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/ert/environmental-response-team-dive-team |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013111324/http://www2.epa.gov/ert/environmental-response-team-dive-team |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2015 |title=Environmental Response Team Dive Team |last=Staff |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency|date=31 August 2016 |access-date=19 March 2018 }}</ref--\n\n<ref name=\"esdp\" {{cite web |url=http://www.marineboard.eu/ESDP |title=Marine Board European Scientific Diving Panel |access-date=21 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319064748/http://www.marineboard.eu/ESDP |archive-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"ESDP Fontes\"{{cite book |title=The delivery of science through diving: a review of recent scientific highlights and the framework for occupational scientific diving in Europe |chapter=2.5 -Scientific Diving as a Major Tool for the Assessment and Control of bio-invasions |first=Jorge Miguel Rodrigues |last=Fontes |pages=16–17 |chapter-url=http://scientific-diving.eu/wiki/images/Esdp_consult_2.pdf |date=May 2011 |publisher=European Scientific Diving Panel |archive-date=2018-11-23 |access-date=2018-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123200709/http://scientific-diving.eu/wiki/images/Esdp_consult_2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref\n\n.<ref name=\"EUF certification\" {{cite web |url=http://www.euf-certification.org/euf-certification/training-organisations/relevant-standards/competencies-and-qualifications/ |publisher=European Underwater Federation (EUF) |work=EUF Certification |title=Competencies and qualifications of recreational scuba divers Level 1-3 |access-date=10 August 2017 |archive-date=21 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821032704/http://www.euf-certification.org/euf-certification/training-organisations/relevant-standards/competencies-and-qualifications/ |url-status=live }}</ref\n\n<ref name=Frink2005 {{cite web |last=Frink |first=Stephen |title=The Best Reason to Recycle |year=2005 |url=http://www.stephenfrink.com/sf-tips/200506-uw-photo-rebreather/ |access-date=19 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203014437/http://www.stephenfrink.com/sf-tips/200506-uw-photo-rebreather/ |archive-date=3 February 2015 |author-link=Stephen Frink }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"GAUSS\" {{cite web |url=http://www.gaussonline.de/ |title=German Academy of Underwater Sciences |access-date=3 February 2016 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205024423/http://gaussonline.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Gerth 2006\" {{cite book |last=Gerth |first=W.A. |chapter=Decompression Sickness and Oxygen Toxicity in US Navy Surface-Supplied He-O2 Diving |editor-last1=Lang |editor1-first=M.A. |editor-last2=Smith |editor-first2=N.E. |title=Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |location=Washington, DC |year=2006 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Ginsberg and Heidelberg 2018\" {{cite conference |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331688344_Scientific_Research_Diving_Engaging_Students_with_Unique_STEM_Training_Opportunities_and_Place-Based_Field_Experiences/citation/download |last1=Ginsburg |first1=David |last2=Heidelberg |first2=Karla |date=November 2018 |title=Scientific Research Diving: Engaging Students with Unique STEM Training Opportunities and Place-Based Field Experiences |work=Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences, 37th Symposium |volume=Diving for Science 2018 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=globalseafood {{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=Study: Aquaculture can be 'part of the solution' to marine ecosystem restoration - Responsible Seafood Advocate |url=https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/study-aquaculture-can-be-part-of-the-solution-to-marine-ecosystem-restoration/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Global Seafood Alliance |language=en-US}}</ref\n\n<ref name=Greenland {{cite web |url=https://dma.dk/safety-at-sea/commercial-diving/diving-in-greenland |title=Diving in Greenland |website=dma.dk |publisher=[[Danish Maritime Authority]] |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521015846/https://dma.dk/safety-at-sea/commercial-diving/diving-in-greenland |url-status=live }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"GUE Nitrox\" {{cite web |url=http://www.globalunderwaterexplorers.org/content/recreational-diver-level-1-nitrox-diver |title=Recreational Diver Level 1 - Nitrox diver |last=Global Underwater Explorers staff |website=www.globalunderwaterexplorers.org |date=6 November 2008 |access-date=24 September 2013}}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"GUE rebreather\" {{cite web |url=http://www.globalunderwaterexplorers.org/training/gue-course-descriptions/technical/rebreather-diver |title=Global Underwater Explorers, Rebreather Diver |website=www.globalunderwaterexplorers.org |date=5 November 2007 |access-date=24 September 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927115847/http://www.globalunderwaterexplorers.org/training/gue-course-descriptions/technical/rebreather-diver |url-status=live }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Hicks 1997\"{{cite conference |author=Hicks, R.E. |title=The Legal Scope of \"Scientific Diving\": An Analysis of the OSHA Exemption |editor1=Maney, EJ Jr |editor2=Ellis, CH Jr |book-title=Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences, 17th Annual Scientific Diving Symposium |year=1997 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"HSE careers\" {{cite web |url=https://www.hse.gov.uk/diving/carr.htm |title=Careers in diving |website=www.hse.gov.uk|access-date=16 November 2025 |publisher=Health and Safety Executive }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"HSE list\" {{cite report |url=https://www.hse.gov.uk/diving/assets/docs/approved-list.pdf |title=Diving at Work Regulations 1997 List of Approved Diving Qualifications |date=1 January 2025 |publisher=HSE }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"IANTD CCR\" {{cite web |url=http://iantdcourses.com/ccrdiver.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328185748/http://iantdcourses.com/ccrdiver.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2013 |title=IANTD CCR Diver |website=iantdcourses.com |access-date=24 September 2013}}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"ieee\" {{cite journal |last=Morales |first=R. |title=OCEANS 2007 - Europe. Proposal of a Master Degree in Underwater Inspection for Engineers |date=18–21 June 2007 |journal=IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering |publisher=[[IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society]] |location=Aberdeen |volume=18 |issue=21 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1109/OCEANSE.2007.4302243 |issn= 0364-9059 |isbn=978-1-4244-0634-0 |s2cid=30179159 }} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"IMCA\" {{cite web |url=https://www.imca-int.com/briefing/1385/diver-training-certificates-imca-acceptance-criteria/ |title=Diver training certificates – IMCA acceptance criteria |publisher=International Marine Contractors Association |access-date=1 July 2019 |archive-date=1 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701080655/https://www.imca-int.com/briefing/1385/diver-training-certificates-imca-acceptance-criteria/ |url-status=live }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"IMCA CoC\" {{cite web |url=https://www.imca-int.com/media/ge3nl221/ecode-of-conduct.pdf |title=Code of Conduct IMCA G009 Rev. 3.1 |date=April 2024 |website=www.imca-int.com |publisher=IMCA |access-date=15 November 2025 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"IMCA D014\" {{cite web |url=http://www.imca-int.com/(F(j70H1MPWJUEd5ZLLliou69laSOu_Vf5cJb-X6cXE01yT_UtIzy96iOzCsRu65U9YkeW7Lq6Gm8g1Cvt-ipseHW_DAaaSDS-AQ5AYIXIAFOzW2yB0GO8frgISnDAWTTEFN6DqnwilT79LcpK_jFtKYGrhn97gPAZ0XT4TbqycNpY1))/media/70842/imcad014.pdf |title=IMCA International Code of Practice for Offshore Diving |last=Staff |date=February 2014 |work=IMCA D 014 Rev. 2 |publisher=International Marine Contractor's Association |location=London |access-date=22 July 2016 }}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"ISO24801-3\"{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:24801:-3:ed-2:v1:en |last=Staff |title=Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers — Part 3: Level 3 — Dive leader (ISO&nbsp;24801-3:2014) |publisher=[[International Standards Organisation|ISO]] |access-date=29 April 2015 |archive-date=17 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617031837/https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:24801:-3:ed-2:v1:en |url-status=live }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"JFD Stealth\" {{cite web |url=https://www.jfdglobal.com/military-diving/mine-counter-measures/stealth-sc/ |title=Stealth SC |website=www.jfdglobal.com |access-date=19 November 2025 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"KISS\" {{cite web |url=http://www.kissrebreathers.com/training |title=KISS training |last=Staff |access-date=24 September 2013 |archive-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923072659/http://www.kissrebreathers.com/training |url-status=live }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Kur and Mioduchowska 2018\"{{cite journal |title=Scientific Diving in Natural Sciences |journal=Polish Hyperbaric Research |date=2018 |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=55–62 |issn=1734-7009 |first1=Jarosław |last1=Kur |first2=Monika |last2=Mioduchowska |doi=10.2478/phr-2018-0024 |publisher=Polish Hyperbaric Medicine and Technology Society |doi-access=free}}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Langham 2025\" {{cite web|url=https://dan.org/alert-diver/article/beyond-the-acrylic/ |title=Beyond the Acrylic |date=28 August 2025 |first=Jonathan |last=Langham |website=dan.org |access-date=14 November 2025 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Larn and Whistler 1993\"{{cite book|last1=Larn|first1=Richard|last2=Whistler|first2=Rex|title=Commercial Diving Manual|edition=3rd|year=1993|publisher=David and Charles|location=Newton Abbott, UK|isbn=0-7153-0100-4}}</ref \n\n<ref name=\"Meintjies 2012\" {{cite web |url=https://dan.diverelearning.com/files/a24a4h4Ac1EksuQw6i6924mEJ/19_-_OHS_-_Legislation.pdf |title=Occupational Health and Safety Legislation and the Recreational Diver |website=dan.diverelearning.com |publisher=DAN-SA |first=Jack |last=Meintjes |access-date=15 November 2025 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"NAUI rec courses\" {{cite web |url=http://www.naui.org/recreational_divers.aspx |title=NAUI Recreational Courses |last=Staff |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928020816/http://www.naui.org/recreational_divers.aspx |archive-date=28 September 2013 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=neduhx{{cite report |last=Carter |first=R.C. Jr. |title=Pioneering Inner Space: The Navy Experimental Diving Unit's First 50 Years |work=US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report |volume=NEDU-1-77 |year=1977 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Nishi 1989\" {{cite report |last=Nishi |first=R.Y. |title=Proceedings of the DCIEM Diver Thermal Protection Workshop |publisher=Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toronto, CA |volume=DCIEM 92-10 |year=1989 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Offshore ACOP 2014\" {{cite book|url=http://www.hse.gov.uk/pUbns/priced/l103.pdf |title=Commercial diving projects offshore Diving at Work Regulations 1997 - Approved Code of Practice and guidance L103 |last=<!--not specified-- |date=2014 |edition=Second |isbn=978-0-7176-6592-1 |publisher=Health and Safety Executive |access-date=1 March 2017}}</ref\n\n<!-- not used\n<ref name=\"OSHA guidelines\"{{cite web|url=http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10141|title=Guidelines for scientific diving|access-date=17 April 2011}}</ref --\n\n<ref name=\"Ourobouros\" {{cite web |url=http://www.ouroboros.technologyindepth.com/training.html |title=Rebreather training with the Ouroboros CCR |last=Staff |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927075934/http://www.ouroboros.technologyindepth.com/training.html |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"PADI OWD\" {{cite web |url=http://www.padi.com/scuba/padi-courses/diver-level-courses/view-all-padi-courses/open-water-diver/default.aspx |title=Open Water Diver |last=<!--not specified-- |access-date=24 September 2013 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001151843/http://www2.padi.com/scuba/padi-courses/diver-level-courses/view-all-padi-courses/open-water-diver/default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"PADI rebreather\" {{cite web |url=http://www.padi.com/scuba/padi-courses/professional-courses/view-all-professional-courses/rebreatherdiver/ |title=PADI Rebreather Diver |last=<!--not specified-- |access-date=24 September 2013 |archive-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606045049/http://www.padi.com/scuba/padi-courses/professional-courses/view-all-professional-courses/rebreatherdiver/ |url-status=dead }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Phillips 2015\" {{cite web |url=http://www.psdiver.com/images/112-_PSDiverMonthly.pdf |title=Public Safety Diving and OSHA, Are We Exempt? Final Answer |last=Phillips |first=Mark |date=November 2015 |work=PSDiver Magazine |issue=112 |publisher=Mark Phillips |access-date=7 June 2016 |archive-date=19 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119061602/http://psdiver.com/images/112-_PSDiverMonthly.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref\n\n<ref name=RaD-Witman {{cite book |last1=Witman |first1=Jon D. |last2=Dayton |first2=Paul K. |last3=Arnold |first3=Suzanne N. |last4=Steneck |first4=Robert S. |last5=Birkeland |first5=Charles |editor1-last=Lang |editor1-first=Michael A. |editor2-last=Marinelli |editor2-first=Roberta L. |editor3-last=Roberts |editor3-first=Susan J. |editor4-last=Taylor |editor4-first=Phillip R. |title=Research and Discoveries: The Revolution of Science through Scuba |url=http://opensi.si.edu/index.php/smithsonian/catalog/view/48/22/496-1 |date=2013 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press |location=Washington, DC |pages=3–11 |chapter-url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/21619/SCMS39_Lang_01.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |format=PDF |chapter=Scuba Revolutionizes Marine Science |access-date=19 September 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044655/http://opensi.si.edu/index.php/smithsonian/catalog/view/48/22/496-1 |url-status=live }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Rainsford 2019\" {{cite web |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/brief/peru-ecuador-divers-hulls-ships/ |title= Peru, Ecuador Police Divers Target Drugs Hidden on Ship Hulls |first=Cat |last=Rainsford |date=3 September 2019 |website=insightcrime.org |access-date=16 November 2025 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Robbs 2013\" {{cite web |url=http://www.alertdiver.com/Legal-Liability-in-Diving |title=Legal Liability in Diving |first=Maureen |last=Robbs |work=Alert Diver |publisher=Divers Alert Network |date=Fall 2013 |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=19 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219173040/http://www.alertdiver.com/Legal-Liability-in-Diving |url-status=live }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Robinson 1002\"{{Cite web |first=Blades |last=Robinson |date=1 November 2002 <!--(11/01/02)-- |title=What is public safety diving |url=http://www.sandiegodiving.com/education/items/9.html |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103138/http://www.sandiegodiving.com/education/items/9.html |url-status=live }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"SA Diving Regulations 2009\"{{cite web |title=Diving Regulations 2009 |work=Occupational Health and Safety Act 85 of 1993 – Regulations and Notices – Government Notice R41 |url=http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/consol_reg/ohasa85o1993rangnr41716/ |publisher=Government Printer |location=Pretoria |via=Southern African Legal Information Institute |access-date=3 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104080007/http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/consol_reg/ohasa85o1993rangnr41716/ |archive-date=4 November 2016 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Seattle\" {{cite web |url=https://www.seattleaquarium.org/act-for-the-ocean/volunteer/adult-volunteers/divers/ |title=Divers |website=www.seattleaquarium.org |access-date=10 July 2024 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Safework NSW\" {{cite web |url=http://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/law-and-policy/legislation-and-codes/codes-of-practice |title=Codes of Practice |publisher=SafeWork NSW |access-date=11 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312215232/http://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/law-and-policy/legislation-and-codes/codes-of-practice |archive-date=12 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Safework SA\" {{cite web |url=https://www.safework.sa.gov.au/show_page.jsp?id=5892 |title=Codes of Practice |publisher=SafeWork SA |access-date=11 March 2018 |archive-date=19 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319070915/https://www.safework.sa.gov.au/show_page.jsp?id=5892 |url-status=dead }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Short note\"{{cite conference |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360001650 |title=Short note about the Commercial diving legal framework in the context of maritime work and its provisions within the Italian, Polish and Danish legal systems| last=Mascellino |first=Marco |date=24 April 2021 |conference=International Virtual Conference on Maritime Labour Law |location=Gandhinagar |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Stanek and Hedricks 2003\"{{cite report |last1=Stanek |first1=S.J. |last2=Hedricks |first2=C.S. |title=Evaluation of the KMS 48 Full Face Mask with the Viper Very Shallow Water Underwater Breathing Apparatus |work=US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report |volume=NEDU-TR-03-06 |year=2003 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=Stanton2003{{cite report |author=Stanton, Gregg |title=Underwater Crime Scene Investigations (UCSI), a New Paradigm |editor1-first=S.F. |editor1-last=Norton |date=2003 |work=Diving for Science, 2003: Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences |issue=22nd annual Scientific Diving Symposium }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"Underwater investigations\"{{cite book |title= Underwater Investigations: Standard Practice Manual |year= 2001 |publisher= [[American Society of Civil Engineers]] |url= http://www.asce.org/bookstore/book.cfm?book=4045 |isbn= 0-7844-0545-X |access-date= 24 May 2009 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070210212355/http://www.asce.org/bookstore/book.cfm?book=4045 |archive-date= 10 February 2007 }}</ref\n\n<!--<ref name=\"usepa\"{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/region10/dive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509051030/http://www.epa.gov/region10/dive/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 May 2011 |title=Region 10 Dive Team |work=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |access-date=20 October 2011}}</ref--\n\n<ref name=\"USEPA1\"{{Cite web |url=http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/oea.nsf/investigations/dive+team+safety |title=US Environmental Protection Agency Guidance For Contaminated Environment Diving |access-date=3 December 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113447/http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/oea.nsf/investigations/dive+team+safety |url-status=dead }}</ref\n\n<ref name=USN{{cite book |title=US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision |year=2006 |publisher=US Naval Sea Systems Command |location=United States |url=http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageID=3.9 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-date=2 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502023541/http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageId=3.9 |url-status=dead }}</ref\n\n<ref name=USNcontam{{cite book |publisher=US Naval Sea Systems Command |title=Guidance for diving in contaminated waters. US Navy Contaminated Water Manual |volume=SS521-AJ-PRO-010 |year=2004 }}</ref\n\n<ref name=\"USNHistory\"{{Cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq100-1.htm |title=US Navy History Site |access-date=25 November 2006 |archive-date=10 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110110825/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq100-1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref\n\n<!--<ref name=Ward2006{{cite book |author=Ward MF |chapter=A Comparison of Surface-Supplied Diving Systems for Scientific Divers |editor=Lang, MA |editor2=Smith, NE |title=Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |location=Washington, DC |year=2006|chapter-url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4663 |access-date=13 September 2011 }}</ref--\n\n<ref name=\"Wilkins 2006\"{{cite book |author=Wilkins, JR |chapter=US Navy Diving Program: Diving to 300 Ft Depths Using Surface-Supplied and Saturation Fly-Away Diving Systems |editor=Lang, MA |editor2=Smith, NE |title=Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |location=Washington, DC |year=2006 |chapter-url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4660 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-date=5 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805172716/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4660 |url-status=dead }}</ref"}},"i":0}}]}' 1 2 Commercial diving projects offshore Diving at Work Regulations 1997 - Approved Code of Practice and guidance L103 (PDF) (Second ed.). Health and Safety Executive. 2014. ISBN 978-0-7176-6592-1. Retrieved 1 March 2017. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 "Diving Regulations 2009". Occupational Health and Safety Act 85 of 1993 – Regulations and Notices – Government Notice R41. Pretoria: Government Printer. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016 – via Southern African Legal Information Institute. ↑ "Minutes of the EDTC meeting held on Sept 10th 2010 in Prague, Czech Republic". The European Diving Technology Committee. 2010. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2013. 1 2 3 Meintjes, Jack. "Occupational Health and Safety Legislation and the Recreational Diver" (PDF). dan.diverelearning.com. DAN-SA. Retrieved 15 November 2025. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Staff (1977). "The Diving at Work Regulations 1997". Statutory Instruments 1997 No. 2776 Health and Safety. Kew, Richmond, Surrey: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO). Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2016. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Staff (February 2014). "IMCA International Code of Practice for Offshore Diving" (PDF). IMCA D 014 Rev. 2. London: International Marine Contractor's Association. Retrieved 22 July 2016. [permanent dead link] 1 2 Scientific Committee of CMAS (1988). Flemming, N. C.; Max, M. D. (eds.). Code of Practice for Scientific Diving: Principles for the Safe Practice of Scientific Diving in Different Environments (PDF). UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science 53. Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Div. of Marine Sciences. ISSN 0503-4299. OCLC 18056894. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2013. ↑ Hicks, R.E. (1997). "The Legal Scope of "Scientific Diving": An Analysis of the OSHA Exemption". In Maney, EJ Jr; Ellis, CH Jr (eds.). Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences, 17th Annual Scientific Diving Symposium. 1 2 Phillips, Mark (November 2015). "Public Safety Diving and OSHA, Are We Exempt? Final Answer" (PDF). PSDiver Magazine. Mark Phillips. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016. ↑ "Code of Conduct IMCA G009 Rev. 3.1" (PDF). www.imca-int.com. IMCA. April 2024. Retrieved 15 November 2025. ↑ "Codes of Practice". SafeWork SA. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018. 1 2 CMAS Scientific Committee (1988). Code of Practice for Scientific Diving: Principles for the safe practice of scientific diving in different environments (PDF). UNESCO technocal papers in marine science 53. UNESCO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2013. ↑ "Codes of Practice". SafeWork NSW. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018. ↑ "Commercial Diver". www.energy.gov. US Department of Energy. Retrieved 15 November 2025. ↑ Witman, Jon D.; Dayton, Paul K.; Arnold, Suzanne N.; Steneck, Robert S.; Birkeland, Charles (2013). "Scuba Revolutionizes Marine Science" (PDF). In Lang, Michael A.; Marinelli, Roberta L.; Roberts, Susan J.; Taylor, Phillip R. (eds.). Research and Discoveries: The Revolution of Science through Scuba (PDF). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. pp. 3–11. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2014. ↑ Ginsburg, David; Heidelberg, Karla (November 2018). Scientific Research Diving: Engaging Students with Unique STEM Training Opportunities and Place-Based Field Experiences. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences, 37th Symposium. Vol. Diving for Science 2018. ↑ Fontes, Jorge Miguel Rodrigues (May 2011). "2.5 -Scientific Diving as a Major Tool for the Assessment and Control of bio-invasions" (PDF). 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Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toronto, CA. ↑ Diving Advisory Board. Code Of Practice Inshore Diving (PDF). Pretoria: The South African Department of Labour. Retrieved 16 September 2016. 1 2 Junker, D.L.; Mazzone, R.W. (1996). Evaluation of Diving System International (DSI) KMB-28B Bandmask. US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report (Report). Vol. NEDU-TR-10-96. ↑ Stanek, S.J.; Hedricks, C.S. (2003). Evaluation of the KMS 48 Full Face Mask with the Viper Very Shallow Water Underwater Breathing Apparatus. US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report (Report). Vol. NEDU-TR-03-06. 1 2 3 4 Beyerstein, G (2006). "Commercial Diving: Surface-Mixed Gas, Sur-D-O2, Bell Bounce, Saturation". In Lang, M.A.; Smith, N.E. (eds.). Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. ↑ Wilkins, JR (2006). "US Navy Diving Program: Diving to 300 Ft Depths Using Surface-Supplied and Saturation Fly-Away Diving Systems". In Lang, MA; Smith, NE (eds.). Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2008. ↑ Gerth, W.A. (2006). "Decompression Sickness and Oxygen Toxicity in US Navy Surface-Supplied He-O2 Diving". In Lang, M.A.; Smith, N.E. (eds.). Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mascellino, Marco (24 April 2021). Short note about the Commercial diving legal framework in the context of maritime work and its provisions within the Italian, Polish and Danish legal systems. International Virtual Conference on Maritime Labour Law. Gandhinagar. Retrieved 21 April 2022. 1 2 Staff. "ADAS Qualifications". ADAS official website. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2012. ↑ "Diver training certificates – IMCA acceptance criteria". International Marine Contractors Association. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019. ↑ "Diver Certification Board of Canada official website". Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013. ↑ "What does the law say?". dma.dk. Danish Maritime Authority. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022. ↑ "Diving in Greenland". dma.dk. Danish Maritime Authority. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022. ↑ "International Recognition". Diver Certification Board of Canada. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Diving at Work Regulations 1997 List of Approved Diving Qualifications (PDF) (Report). HSE. 1 January 2025. ↑ "Careers in diving". www.hse.gov.uk. Health and Safety Executive. Retrieved 16 November 2025. ↑ Morales, R. (18–21 June 2007). "OCEANS 2007 - Europe. Proposal of a Master Degree in Underwater Inspection for Engineers". IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering. 18 (21). Aberdeen: IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society: 1–3. doi:10.1109/OCEANSE.2007.4302243. ISBN 978-1-4244-0634-0. ISSN 0364-9059. S2CID 30179159. [dead link] ↑ Underwater Investigations: Standard Practice Manual. American Society of Civil Engineers. 2001. ISBN 0-7844-0545-X. Archived from the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2009. ↑ "Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2023. 49-9092 Commercial Divers". www.bls.gov. US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 14 November 2025. External links[edit] USA Government Regulations for Commercial Diving (federal code) UK Health and Safety Executive Website (UK Government) Australia Diver Accreditation Scheme Website (Australian Government) OSHA. "Commercial Diving Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) - Mixed-gas diving. - 1910.426". U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Retrieved 29 August 2008. Diving Diseases Research Centre Sea Research Society History of Commercial Diving Diving Heritage Life of a nuclear diver History of Diving Museum Home of the Association of Diving Contractors, International (ADCI) Commercial Diving Hall of Fame Monument Nuclear diving articles[edit] "Swimming on the Hot Side", Popular Science, March 27, 2012 Scientific diving articles[edit] Research and Discoveries: The Revolution of Science through Scuba, over 50 archived webcasts of symposium, 24–25 May 2010, Smithsonian Institution, National Research Council of the National Academies, National Science Foundation. Lang, Michael A.; Marinelli, Roberta L.; Roberts, Susan J.; et al., eds. (2013). Research and Discoveries: The Revolution of Science through Scuba (PDF). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. v t e Underwater diving Diving activities Diving modes Atmospheric pressure diving Freediving Saturation diving Scuba diving Snorkeling Surface oriented diving Surface-supplied diving Unmanned diving Diving equipment Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment Human factors in diving equipment design List of diving equipment manufacturers Basic equipment Diving mask Snorkel Swimfin Breathing gas Bailout gas Bottom gas Breathing air Decompression gas Emergency gas supply Heliox Hydreliox Hydrox Nitrox Oxygen Travel gas Trimix Buoyancy and trim equipment Avelo diving system Buoyancy compensator Power inflator Dump valve Variable buoyancy pressure vessel Diving weighting system Ankle weights Integrated weights Trim weights Weight belt Decompression equipment Decompression buoy Decompression chamber Decompression cylinder Decompression tables Decompression trapeze Dive computer Diving bell Diving shot Diving stage Jersey upline Jonline Diving suit Atmospheric diving suit JIM suit Newtsuit Dry suit Sladen suit Standard diving suit Rash vest Wetsuit Dive skins Hot-water suit Helmets and masks Anti-fog Diving helmet Free-flow helmet Lightweight demand helmet Orinasal mask Reclaim helmet Shallow water helmet Standard diving helmet Diving mask Band mask Full-face diving mask Half mask Instrumentation Bottom timer Depth gauge Dive computer Dive timer Diving watch Helium release valve Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Pneumofathometer Submersible pressure gauge Mobility equipment Diver propulsion vehicle Human torpedo Wet sub Diving bell Closed bell Wet bell Diving stage Swimfin Monofin PowerSwim Towboard Safety equipment Alternative air source Octopus regulator Pony bottle Bolt snap Buddy line Dive light Diver's cutting tool Diver's knife Diver's telephone Through-water communications Underwater acoustic communication Diving bell Diving safety harness Emergency gas supply Bailout block Bailout bottle Lifeline Screw gate carabiner Emergency locator beacon Rescue tether Safety helmet Shark-proof cage Snoopy loop Navigation equipment Distance line Diving compass Dive reel Line marker Surface marker buoy Silt screw Underwater breathing apparatus Atmospheric diving suit Diving cylinder Burst disc Scuba cylinder valve Diving helmet Reclaim helmet Diving regulator Mechanism of diving regulators Regulator malfunction Regulator freeze Single-hose regulator Twin-hose regulator Full-face diving mask Open-circuit scuba Scuba set Bailout bottle Decompression cylinder Independent doubles Manifolded twin set Scuba manifold Pony bottle Scuba configuration Sidemount Sling cylinder Diving rebreathers Carbon dioxide scrubber Carleton CDBA Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment Cryogenic rebreather CUMA DSEA Dolphin Halcyon PVR-BASC Halcyon RB80 IDA71 Interspiro DCSC LAR-5 LAR-6 LAR-V LARU Mark IV Amphibian Porpoise Ray Siebe Gorman CDBA Salvus Siva Surface-supplied diving equipment Air line Diver's umbilical Diving air compressor Gas panel Hookah Scuba replacement Snuba Standard diving dress Diving equipment manufacturers AP Diving Apeks Aqua Lung America Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique Beuchat René Cavalero Cis-Lunar Cressi-Sub Dacor DESCO Dive Xtras Divex Diving Unlimited International Drägerwerk Faber Fenzy Maurice Fernez Technisub Oscar Gugen Heinke HeinrichsWeikamp Johnson Outdoors Mares Morse Diving Nemrod Oceanic Worldwide Porpoise Shearwater Research Siebe Gorman Submarine Products Suunto Diving support equipment Access equipment Boarding stirrup Diver lift Diving bell Diving ladder Diving platform (scuba) Diving stage Downline Jackstay Launch and recovery system Messenger line Moon pool Breathing gas handling Air filtration Activated carbon Hopcalite Molecular sieve Silica gel Booster pump Carbon dioxide scrubber Cascade filling system Diver's pump Diving air compressor Diving air filter Water separator High pressure breathing air compressor Low pressure breathing air compressor Gas blending Gas blending for scuba diving Gas panel Gas reclaim system Gas storage bank Gas storage quad Gas storage tube Helium analyzer Nitrox production Membrane gas separation Pressure swing adsorption Oxygen analyser Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Oxygen compatibility Decompression equipment Air-lock Built-in breathing system Decompression tables Diving bell Bell cursor Closed bell Clump weight Launch and recovery system Wet bell Diving chamber Diving stage Recreational Dive Planner Saturation diving system Platforms Dive boat Canoe and kayak diving Combat rubber raiding craft Liveaboard Subskimmer Diving support vessel HMS Challenger (K07) Underwater habitat Aquarius Reef Base Continental Shelf Station Two Helgoland Habitat Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station SEALAB Tektite habitat Remotely operated underwater vehicles 8A4-class ROUV ABISMO Atlantis ROV Team COTSBot CURV Deep Drone Épaulard Global Explorer ROV Goldfish-class ROUV Kaikō ROV Kaşif ROUV Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System Mini Rover ROV OpenROV ROV KIEL 6000 ROV PHOCA Scorpio ROV Sea Dragon-class ROV Seabed tractor Seafox drone SeaPerch SJT-class ROUV T1200 Trenching Unit VideoRay UROVs Safety equipment Diver down flag Diving shot ENOS Rescue-System Hyperbaric lifeboat Hyperbaric stretcher Jackstay Jonline Reserve gas supply General Diving spread Air spread Saturation spread Hot water system Sonar Underwater acoustic positioning system Underwater acoustic communication Freediving Activities Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Haenyeo Pearl hunting Ama Snorkeling Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Underwater rugby Underwater target shooting Competitions Nordic Deep Vertical Blue Disciplines Constant weight (CWT) Constant weight bi-fins (CWTB) Constant weight without fins (CNF) Dynamic apnea (DYN) Dynamic apnea without fins (DNF) Free immersion (FIM) No-limits apnea (NLT) Static apnea (STA) Skandalopetra diving Variable weight apnea (VWT) Variable weight apnea without fins Equipment Diving mask Diving suit Hawaiian sling Polespear Snorkel (swimming) Speargun Swimfins Monofin Water polo cap Freedivers Deborah Andollo Simone Arrigoni Peppo Biscarini Michael Board Sara Campbell Derya Can Göçen Goran Čolak Carlos Coste Robert Croft Mandy-Rae Cruickshank Yasemin Dalkılıç Leonardo D'Imporzano Flavia Eberhard Şahika Ercümen Emma Farrell Francisco Ferreras Pierre Frolla Flavia Eberhard Mehgan Heaney-Grier Elisabeth Kristoffersen Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych Loïc Leferme Enzo Maiorca Jacques Mayol Audrey Mestre Karol Meyer Kate Middleton Stéphane Mifsud Alexey Molchanov Natalia Molchanova Dave Mullins Patrick Musimu Guillaume Néry Herbert Nitsch Umberto Pelizzari Liv Philip Annelie Pompe Stig Severinsen Tom Sietas Martin Štěpánek Walter Steyn Tanya Streeter William Trubridge Devrim Cenk Ulusoy Fatma Uruk Danai Varveri Alessia Zecchini Nataliia Zharkova Kateryna Sadurska Hazards Barotrauma Drowning Freediving blackout Deep-water blackout Shallow-water blackout Hypercapnia Hypothermia Historical Ama Octopus wrestling Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming Organisations AIDA International Scuba Schools International Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins Performance Freediving International Professional diving Occupations Ama Commercial diver Commercial offshore diver Hazmat diver Divemaster Diving instructor Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Haenyeo Media diver Police diver Public safety diver Scientific diver Underwater archaeologist Military diving Army engineer diver Canadian Armed Forces Divers Clearance diver Frogman Minentaucher Royal Navy ships diver United States military divers U.S. Navy diver U.S.Navy master diver Military diving units 7th Marine Brigade Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) Commando Hubert Combat Divers Service (Lithuania) Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei Decima Flottiglia MAS Frogman Corps (Denmark) Fuerzas Especiales Fukuryu GRUMEC Grup Gerak Khas Jagdkommando JW Formoza JW GROM JW Komandosów Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine KOPASKA MARCOS Marine Commandos Marinejegerkommandoen Marine Raider Regiment Minedykkerkommandoen Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit Naval Diving Unit (Singapore) Naval Service Diving Section Naval Special Operations Command Operational Diving Division (SA Navy) Royal Engineers Russian commando frogmen Sappers Divers Group Shayetet 13 Special Air Service Special Air Service Regiment Special Actions Detachment Special Boat Service Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka) Special Forces Command (Turkey) Special Forces Group (Belgium) Special Operations Battalion (Croatia) Special Service Group (Navy) Special Warfare Diving and Salvage Tactical Divers Group US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions US Navy SEALs Underwater Construction Teams Underwater Demolition Command Underwater Demolition Team Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces) UNGERIN Underwater work Commercial offshore diving Dive leader Diver training Recreational diver training Hazmat diving Hyperbaric welding Marine construction Offshore construction Underwater construction Media diving Pearl hunting Police diving Potable water diving Public safety diving Scientific diving Ships husbandry Sponge diving Submarine pipeline Underwater archaeology Archaeology of shipwrecks Underwater cutting and welding Underwater demolition Underwater inspection Nondestructive testing Underwater logging Underwater photography Underwater search and recovery Underwater searches Underwater videography Underwater survey Salvage diving SS Egypt Kronan La Belle SS Laurentic RMS Lusitania Mars Mary Rose USS Monitor HMS Royal George Vasa Diving contractors COMEX Helix Energy Solutions Group International Marine Contractors Association Tools and equipment Abrasive waterjet Airlift Baited remote underwater video In-water surface cleaning Brush cart Cavitation cleaning Pressure washing Pigging Hot stab Lifting bag Remotely operated underwater vehicle Thermal lance Tremie Underwater weapons Limpet mine Speargun Hawaiian sling Polespear Underwater firearm Gyrojet Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun Powerhead Underwater pistols Heckler & Koch P11 SPP-1 underwater pistol Underwater revolvers AAI underwater revolver Underwater rifles ADS amphibious rifle APS underwater rifle ASM-DT amphibious rifle QBS-06 Recreational diving Recreational dive sites Index of recreational dive sites List of wreck diving sites Outline of recreational dive sites Children in scuba diving Specialties Altitude diving Cave diving Deep diving Ice diving Muck diving Open-water diving Rebreather diving Sidemount diving Solo diving Technical diving Underwater photography Wreck diving Diver organisations British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS) Woodville Karst Plain Project (WKPP) Diving tourism industry Dive center Diving in Timor-Leste Diving in the Maldives Environmental impact of recreational diving Scuba diving tourism Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands Shark tourism Sinking ships for wreck diving sites Underwater diving in Guam Diving events and festivals Diversnight Underwater Bike Race Diving safety Human factors in diving equipment design Human factors in diving safety Life-support system Safety-critical system Scuba diving fatalities Underwater diving emergency Water safety Water surface searches Diving hazards List of diving hazards and precautions Environmental Current Delta-P Entanglement hazard Overhead Silt out Wave action Equipment Freeflow Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus Single point of failure Physiological Cold shock response Decompression Nitrogen narcosis Oxygen toxicity Seasickness Uncontrolled decompression Diver behaviour and competence Incompetence Overconfidence effect Panic Task loading Trait anxiety Willful violation Consequences Barotrauma Decompression sickness Drowning Hypothermia Hypoxia Hypercapnia Hyperthermia Non-freezing cold injury Diving procedures Ascending and descending Emergency ascent Boat diving Canoe and kayak diving Buddy diving buddy check Decompression Decompression practice Pyle stop Ratio decompression Dive briefing Dive log Dive planning Rule of thirds Scuba gas planning Diver communications Diver rescue Diver training Doing It Right Drift diving Gas blending for scuba diving Night diving Rebreather diving Scuba gas management Solo diving Wall diving Risk management Checklist Hazard identification and risk assessment Hazard analysis Job safety analysis Risk assessment Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue Risk control Hierarchy of hazard controls Incident pit Lockout–tagout Permit To Work Redundancy Safety data sheet Situation awareness Diving team Bellman Chamber operator Diver medical technician Diver's attendant Diving supervisor Diving systems technician Gas man Life support technician Stand-by diver Equipment safety Breathing gas quality Testing and inspection of diving cylinders Hydrostatic test Sustained load cracking Diving regulator Breathing performance of regulators Occupational safety and health Association of Diving Contractors International International Marine Contractors Association Code of practice Contingency plan Diving regulations Emergency response plan Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Operations manual Standard operating procedure Diving medicine Diving disorders List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders Cramp Motion sickness Surfer's ear Pressure related Alternobaric vertigo Barostriction Barotrauma Air embolism Aerosinusitis Barodontalgia Dental barotrauma Middle ear barotrauma Pulmonary barotrauma Compression arthralgia Decompression illness Dysbarism Oxygen Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia Oxygen toxicity Inert gases Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis Inner ear decompression sickness Isobaric counterdiffusion Taravana High-pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Nitrogen narcosis Carbon dioxide Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Breathing gas contaminants Carbon monoxide poisoning Immersion related Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersion diuresis Instinctive drowning response Laryngospasm Salt water aspiration syndrome Swimming-induced pulmonary edema Treatment Demand valve oxygen therapy First aid Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In-water recompression Oxygen therapy Therapeutic recompression Personnel Diving Medical Examiner Diving Medical Practitioner Diving Medical Technician Hyperbaric nursing Screening Atrial septal defect Effects of drugs on fitness to dive Fitness to dive Psychological fitness to dive Research Researchers in diving physiology and medicine Arthur J. Bachrach Albert R. Behnke Peter B. Bennett Paul Bert George F. Bond Robert Boyle Alf O. Brubakk Albert A. Bühlmann John R. Clarke Guybon Chesney Castell Damant Kenneth William Donald William Paul Fife John Scott Haldane Robert William Hamilton Jr. Henry Valence Hempleman Leonard Erskine Hill Brian Andrew Hills Felix Hoppe-Seyler Christian J. Lambertsen Simon Mitchell Charles Momsen Neal W. Pollock John Rawlins Charles Wesley Shilling Edward D. Thalmann Jacques Triger Diving medical research organisations Aerospace Medical Association Divers Alert Network (DAN) Diving Diseases Research Centre (DDRC) Diving Medical Advisory Council (DMAC) European Diving Technology Committee (EDTC) European Underwater and Baromedical Society (EUBS) National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine Rubicon Foundation South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS) Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) Law Civil liability in recreational diving Diving regulations Duty of care List of legislation regulating underwater diving Investigation of diving accidents Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage History of underwater diving History of decompression research and development History of dive computers History of Diving Museum History of scuba diving List of researchers in underwater diving Lyons Maritime Museum Man in the Sea Museum Timeline of atmospheric diving suits Timeline of diving technology Pearling in Western Australia US Navy decompression models and tables Archeological sites SS Commodore USS Monitor Queen Anne's Revenge Whydah Gally Underwater art and artists The Diver Jason deCaires Taylor Engineers and inventors Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont William Beebe Georges Beuchat Giovanni Alfonso Borelli Joseph-Martin Cabirol John R. Clarke Jacques Cousteau Charles Anthony Deane John Deane Louis de Corlieu Auguste Denayrouze Ted Eldred Henry Fleuss Émile Gagnan Karl Heinrich Klingert Peter Kreeft Christian J. Lambertsen Yves Le Prieur John Lethbridge Ernest William Moir Joseph Salim Peress Auguste Piccard Joe Savoie Willard Franklyn Searle Gordon Smith Augustus Siebe Pierre-Marie Touboulic Jacques Triger Historical equipment Aqua-Lung RV Calypso SP-350 Denise Magnesium torch Nikonos Porpoise regulator Standard diving dress Sub Marine Explorer Vintage scuba Diver propulsion vehicles Advanced SEAL Delivery System Cosmos CE2F series Dry Combat Submersible Human torpedo Motorised Submersible Canoe Necker Nymph R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle SEAL Delivery Vehicle Shallow Water Combat Submersible Siluro San Bartolomeo Welfreighter Wet Nellie Military and covert operations Raid on Alexandria (1941) Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior Scientific projects 1992 cageless shark-diving expedition Mission 31 Awards and events Hans Hass Award International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures NOGI Awards Women Divers Hall of Fame Incidents Dive boat incidents Sinking of MV Conception Diver rescues Alpazat cave rescue Tham Luang cave rescue Early diving John Day (carpenter) Charles Spalding Ebenezer Watson Freediving fatalities Stephen Keenan Loïc Leferme Audrey Mestre Nicholas Mevoli Natalia Molchanova Offshore diving incidents Byford Dolphin diving bell accident Drill Master diving accident Star Canopus diving accident Stena Seaspread diving accident Venture One diving accident Waage Drill II diving accident Wildrake diving accident Professional diving fatalities Roger Baldwin John Bennett Victor F. Guiel Jr. Francis P. Hammerberg Craig M. Hoffman Peter Henry Michael Holmes Johnson Sea Link accident Edwin Clayton Link Gerard Anthony Prangley Per Skipnes Robert John Smyth Albert D. Stover Richard A. Walker Lothar Michael Ward Joachim Wendler Bradley Westell Arne Zetterström Scuba diving fatalities 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident 2026 Dhekunu Kandu cave diving incident Ricardo Armbruster Allan Bridge David Bright Berry L. Cannon Cotton Coulson Cláudio Coutinho E. Yale Dawson Deon Dreyer Milan Dufek Sheck Exley Maurice Fargues Fernando Garfella Palmer Guy Garman Steve Irwin death Jim Jones Henry Way Kendall Artur Kozłowski Yuri Lipski Kirsty MacColl Agnes Milowka François de Roubaix Chris and Chrissy Rouse Dave Shaw Wesley C. Skiles Dewey Smith Rob Stewart Esbjörn Svensson Josef Velek Publications Manuals NOAA Diving Manual U.S. Navy Diving Manual Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival Underwater Handbook Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving The new science of skin and scuba diving Professional Diver's Handbook Basic Scuba Standards and Codes of Practice Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) DIN 7876 IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers General non-fiction The Darkness Beckons Goldfinder The Last Dive Shadow Divers The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure Research List of Divers Alert Network publications Dive guides Training and registration Diver training Competence and assessment Competency-based learning Refresher training Skill assessment Diver training standard Diving instructor Diving school Occupational diver training Commercial diver training Military diver training Public safety diver training Scientific diver training Recreational diver training Introductory diving ISO training standards Teaching method Muscle memory Overlearning Stress exposure training Skills Combat sidestroke Diver navigation Diver trim Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Finning techniques Scuba skills Buddy breathing Low impact diving Diamond Reef System Surface-supplied diving skills Underwater searches Recreational scuba certification levels Core diving skills Advanced Open Water Diver Autonomous diver CMAS* scuba diver CMAS** scuba diver Introductory diving Low Impact Diver Master Scuba Diver Open Water Diver Supervised diver Leadership skills Dive leader Divemaster Diving instructor Master Instructor Specialist skills Rescue Diver Solo diver Diver training certification and registration organisations European Underwater Federation (EUF) International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum (IDRCF) International Diving Schools Association (IDSA) International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA) List of diver certification organizations National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Nautical Archaeology Society Recreational diver course referral World Recreational Scuba Training Council (WRSTC) Commercial diver certification authorities Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme (ADAS) Commercial diver registration in South Africa Divers Institute of Technology Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Department of Employment and Labour Commercial diving schools Divers Academy International Norwegian diver school Free-diving certification agencies AIDA International (AIDA) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Performance Freediving International (PI) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Recreational scuba certification agencies American Canadian Underwater Certifications (ACUC) American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée (ANMP) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) International Life Saving Federation (ILS) Israeli Diving Federation (TIDF) National Academy of Scuba Educators (NASE) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Sub-Aqua Association (SAA) Scuba Diving International (SDI) Scuba Educators International (SEI) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu (TSSF) United Diving Instructors (UDI) YMCA SCUBA Program Scientific diver certification authorities American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) CMAS Scientific Committee Technical diver certification agencies American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Diving Science and Technology (DSAT) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Trimix Scuba Association (TSA) Cave diving Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group (CDG) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Technical Diving International (TDI) Military diver training centres Defence Diving School Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center Underwater Escape Training Unit Military diver training courses United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course Underwater sports Surface snorkeling Finswimming Snorkeling/breath-hold Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Australia Turkey Underwater rugby Colombia United States Underwater target shooting Breath-hold Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Open Circuit Scuba Immersion finswimming Sport diving Underwater cycling Underwater orienteering Underwater photography Rebreather Underwater photography Sports governing organisations and federations International AIDA International Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques) National AIDA Hellas Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association British Octopush Association British Underwater Sports Association Comhairle Fo-Thuinn Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins South African Underwater Sports Federation Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu Underwater Society of America) Competitions 14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship Underwater Hockey World Championships Underwater Orienteering World Championships Underwater Rugby World Championships Underwater divers Pioneers of diving Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro Aquanaut John Bevan Mary Bonnin Amelia Behrens-Furniss James F. Cahill Jacques Cousteau Billy Deans Dottie Frazier Trevor Hampton Hans Hass Hannes Keller Dick Rutkowski Teseo Tesei Arne Zetterström Underwater scientists archaeologists and environmentalists Michael Arbuthnot Robert Ballard George Bass Mensun Bound Louis Boutan Jeffrey Bozanic Hugh Bradner Cathy Church Eugenie Clark James P. Delgado Sylvia Earle John Christopher Fine George R. Fischer Anders Franzén Honor Frost Fernando Garfella Palmer David Gibbins Graham Jessop Swietenia Puspa Lestari Pilar Luna Robert F. Marx Anna Marguerite McCann Innes McCartney Charles T. Meide Mark M. Newell Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova John Peter Oleson Mendel L. Peterson Richard Pyle Andreas Rechnitzer William R. Royal Margaret Rule Gunter Schöbel Stephanie Schwabe Myriam Seco E. Lee Spence Robert Sténuit Peter Throckmorton Cristina Zenato Scuba record holders Pascal Bernabé Jim Bowden Mark Ellyatt Sheck Exley Nuno Gomes Claudia Serpieri Krzysztof Starnawski Underwater filmmakers and presenters Samir Alhafith David Attenborough Ramón Bravo Jean-Michel Cousteau Richie Kohler Paul Rose Andy Torbet Ivan Tors Andrew Wight James Cameron Underwater photographers Doug Allan Tamara Benitez Georges Beuchat Adrian Biddle Jonathan Bird Eric Cheng Neville Coleman Jacques Cousteau John D. Craig Ben Cropp Bernard Delemotte David Doubilet Candice Farmer John Christopher Fine Rodney Fox Ric Frazier Stephen Frink Peter Gimbel Monty Halls Hans Hass Henry Way Kendall Rudie Kuiter Joseph B. MacInnis Luis Marden Agnes Milowka Noel Monkman Pete Oxford Steve Parish Zale Parry Pierre Petit Leni Riefenstahl Fred Roberts Peter Scoones Brian Skerry Wesley C. Skiles E. Lee Spence Philippe Tailliez Ron Taylor Valerie Taylor Albert Tillman John Veltri Stan Waterman Michele Westmorland John Ernest Williamson J. Lamar Worzel Underwater explorers Caves Graham Balcombe Sheck Exley Martyn Farr Jochen Hasenmayer Jill Heinerth Jarrod Jablonski Brian Kakuk William Hogarth Main Tom Mount Jack Sheppard Bill Stone Reefs Arthur C. Clarke Wrecks Leigh Bishop John Chatterton Clive Cussler Bill Nagle Valerie van Heest Aristotelis Zervoudis Aquanauts Andrew Abercromby Joseph M. Acaba Clayton Anderson Richard R. Arnold Serena Auñón-Chancellor Michael Barratt (astronaut) Robert A. Barth Robert L. Behnken Randolph Bresnik Timothy J. Broderick Justin Brown Berry L. Cannon Scott Carpenter Gregory Chamitoff Steve Chappell Catherine Coleman Robin Cook Craig B. Cooper Fabien Cousteau Philippe Cousteau Timothy Creamer Jonathan Dory Pedro Duque Sylvia Earle Jeanette Epps Sheck Exley Albert Falco Andrew J. Feustel Michael Fincke Satoshi Furukawa Ronald J. Garan Jr. Michael L. Gernhardt Christopher E. Gerty David Gruber Chris Hadfield Jeremy Hansen José M. Hernández John Herrington Paul Hill Akihiko Hoshide Mark Hulsbeck Emma Hwang Norishige Kanai Les Kaufman Scott Kelly Karen Kohanowich Timothy Kopra Dominic Landucci Jon Lindbergh Kjell N. Lindgren Michael López-Alegría Joseph B. MacInnis Sandra Magnus Thomas Marshburn Matthias Maurer K. Megan McArthur Craig McKinley Jessica Meir Simone Melchior Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger Andreas Mogensen Karen Nyberg John D. Olivas Takuya Onishi Luca Parmitano Nicholas Patrick Tim Peake Thomas Pesquet Marc Reagan Garrett Reisman Kathleen Rubins Dick Rutkowski Tara Ruttley David Saint-Jacques Josef Schmid Robert Sheats Dewey Smith Steve Squyres Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper Robert Sténuit Hervé Stevenin Nicole Stott James Talacek Daniel M. Tani Robert Thirsk Bill Todd Mark T. Vande Hei Koichi Wakata Rex J. Walheim Shannon Walker John Morgan Wells Joachim Wendler Douglas H. 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