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ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵡⴰⵙ  4  ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ  2976
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ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ: 45
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ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
Frameless
ⴰⵕⵟⵓⵕ ⵛⵓⴱⵏⵀⴰⵡⵔ (1788-1860) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⴰⵢⵣⵜ/ⵜⵥⵕⵎⵣⵣⴰⵔⴽⵜ (ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵣⵣⵓⵔⴽⵜ) ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ. ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴳⴳⴹⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵙⴹⵕⵉ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ. ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵛⵓⴱⵏⵀⴰⵡⵕ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛ (ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⵎ/ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢⴼ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⴷⵉ, ⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⵇⵇⵉ, ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍⵍⵓ (ⴰⵎⴰⴼⴰⵡ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⴷⴷⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵓⵔ (ⴰⵖⴰⵍ) "ⵎⴰⵢⴰ". ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏⵅⵅⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵏⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵏⵉⵜⵛⵀ, ⴼⵔⵓⵢⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ; ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵍⵙⵜⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵏ; ⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴼⴰⴳⵏⵔ.
ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵓⴱⵏⵀⴰⵡⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴰⵢⵣⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵣⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ.  ⴷ ⵛⵓⴱⵏⵀⴰⵡⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷⵉⵍ ⵛⵓⴱⵏⵀⴰⵡⵔ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⴽⵎⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⵙ, ⵜⵎⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵖⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵛⵓⴱⵏⵀⴰⵡⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵅⵎⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏ
ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: ilkmimẓ azgzaw) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⵍⵄⵉⴷ ⵍⵄⴷⵏⴰⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ ⵉⵅⴼⴷⴷⵉ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵎⵍⵄⵉⴷ ⵍⵄⴷⵏⴰⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵥⵓⵀⵕ, ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ.
ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ ⵜⵙⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴷⵍ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵖⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵯⵍⵓ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⴽⵍⴰⵡ ⵄⴰⴱⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ, ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⵍⵄⵉⴷ ⵍⵄⴷⵏⴰⵏⵉ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ : ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ) ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ.
ⴷ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ, ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ, ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ; ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵣ ⴷ, ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ, ⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⵉⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍⵏ; ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵓⵊⴷⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴷⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵔⴱⴰ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵣ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⴱⴰ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ/ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵡⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ. ⴰⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ.
ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷ
Frameless
ⵥⵕⴰⵢⴼⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵄⵣⵉⵣ ⵓ ⵙⵙⴰⵢⵃ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴽⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴱⵔⴷⴰⵡⵣ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵉⵏⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ.
ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵄⵣⵉⵣ ⵓ ⵙⵙⴰⵢⵃ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵔⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴽⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⴷⴰⵡⵣ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⵣⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ.
ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵓ ⵙⵙⴰⵢⵃ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵡⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵎⵓⵍⵜ/ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴳⴰⵎⵜ, ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵛⵜⵔⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ. ⴷ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵓⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ.
ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ .ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ
Frameless
ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1934 ⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⵓ, ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ  ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ, ⴰⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏ: ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵍⵉⴼⵉ, ⵎⴰⵕⵉ ⵉⴱⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ. ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.
ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1934 ⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ; ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "ⵉⵟⵟⵓ", ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵉⴱⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵍⵉⴼⵉ , ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ " ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵢⵣⴳⴰⵔⵏ (ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993), ⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ. ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ. ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993 ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " ⴱⵓⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ " ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⴽⴰ. ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ", ⵄⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ.
ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ
ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⴰⵏⵥ
ⵙⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ . ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ
ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
   ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ
ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵥⵕ ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ
ⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ?
ⵜframeless
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵒⵉⴷⵢⴰ (Wikipedia ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ (291 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015). ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ. ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵜⵜ ⵊⵉⵎⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2001. ⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, "ⵡⵉⴽⵉ" ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴱⵣⵔⴱⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ, ⴷ "ⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ "encyclopedia". ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵃⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 300 (ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ) ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 7 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ. ⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 40 (ⴽⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡ) ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ 300 (ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ) ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2014 (ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ) ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⵥⵕⴰ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 18 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 500 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⴱⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ.
ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ
ⵀⴰⵏ ⵙⵢⵓⵏⴳ ⵙⵓⴽ (ⴷⴳ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ) ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.FramelessFrameless
ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵏⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⵙ 2 - 1.
ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵏⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⵙ 2 - 0.
11 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ.
ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵔⴰ ⴰⵔⵙⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⵉⴳⵔ.
ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ" ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵉ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵙⵓⵏ.
ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ . ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ
ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ
ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ: 17 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ.
1921: ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⴽⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵅⵟⵟⴰⴱ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ.
1976: ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵄⴰⵕⴰⴼⴰ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ.
2005: ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵕⴽⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵉⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴼⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ".
ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ: 16 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ● 17 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ● 18 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ
ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ ●  ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ● ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ
ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ: ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵡⴰⵙ 17 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026 (ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ) ●  ⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵢ
ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ
   
ⵓⵡⵡⵜ ⴰⵖⵢⵓⵍ ⴰⴼ ⵓⵍⵎ ⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓ ⵅⵉⵎⵥⵉⵏ
   
—ⴰⵏⵣⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉ, ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⵛⵏⵉⴱ
ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⵜⵛⵔⵜⵛⵉⵍ (ⴷⴳ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ) ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1953?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴽⵡⵉⴽⵏⵀⵓⴼ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 3000 ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵀⵍⵎⵓⵙ ⵓ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵡ ⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ 1574, ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵇⴱⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 100 ⴰⵔ 400 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵔⵉ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 3 ⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ/ⵎⵕⵚⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵛⵉⴼⵢⵉⵍⴷ ⵓ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵇⴱⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵉ ⴽⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ, ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1903 ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1911?
ⵔⵏⵓ ⵓⵎⵍⵉ . ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ
ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
   ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵍ (1660 - 1749) ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ
ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ ● ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴷ/ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷ: ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ "ⴼⵉⴼⴰ" ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ 14.
ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵏⵉ: ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ "ⴼⵉⴼⴰ" ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 14.
ⴰⵛⴽⵓ: "ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ" ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵙⴽⵉⵍ (ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ) ⵙⴳ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ (في المركز).
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ · ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ:ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ/7
ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ
ⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵣⵔⴽ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ. ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵏⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ, ⵥⵕ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵙⵇⵙⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 12 241 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷ. ⵉⴳ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷ (ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ) ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵓ, ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ, ⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵏⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ.
ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵥⵕ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ
ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ:
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⴰⵡⵉ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ
ⴰⵍⴰⵏⴳⵡⴰ ⵍⵉⴱⵔⵉ ⴰⵙⵜⵓⴷⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵔ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⴰⵎⵏⵣ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ
ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⴽⵉⵜⵏ
ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ
ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ⵥⵕ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ ● ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ  ●  ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ  ●  ⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵢ (ⴰⵙⴷⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ)
ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ https://zgh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ_ⵏ_ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ&oldid=176293
ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ:
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵢⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⴰⵏⵉⵏ
347 ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ
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ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ
ⵜⵏⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ 19 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 2026, ⴳ 18:56.
ⵉⵙⴰⴳⴰ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike;
ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵥⵕ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵓⵔⵉⵜⵏ.
ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰ
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